History of Nigerian Ports Authority - 3554 Words

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The history of port development in Nigeria dates back to the middle of 19th century. This was long after the onset of sea borne trade and transactions which followed the adventures of early explorations on the African coasts. Initial efforts towards provision of facilities for ocean going vessels were the attempts to open up the entrance to the Lagos Lagoon. Considerable littoral drift occurred along this coast; and the constantly shifting channels in the bar at the entrance made entry very difficult. On February 1, 1914, the first mail-steamer S/S ‘AKOKO’ drawing 5.64 metres entered the Lagos harbour. Two months later, vessels began to use the facilities provided at the Customs wharf on Lagos Island. Prior to this†¦show more content†¦The Authority also within this period continued to sustain the efforts already made towards expansion of ports facilities in Lagos and Port Harcourt. In Lagos, six berths of 943 metres were added to the existing ones, while four berths with a total quay length of 506 metres were added to the facilities and steps were taken to mechanize the traffic operations in these ports. In this era, port development approach became tailored along declared national objectives. The Authority’s development strategy became programmed to fall in line with the first National Development Plan –1962 –1968. The second Apapa Wharf Extension was executed and so also were further improvements of port facilities in Port Harcourt. The sum N45M was spent during this period on the two ports. CIVIL WAR ERA 1967 –1970 This period had tremendous impact on the ports industry in Nigeria. The security aspect of ports came into sharp focus. Port Harcourt (Rivers Ports) was closed to foreign traffic. Lagos thus became the only available port serving the country’s maritime transportation needs. The Federal Military Government enacted a special decree which empowered the Nigerian Ports Authority to acquire the ports of Warri, Burutu and Calabar, previously operated by private entrepreneurs. Holts Transport were former owners of Warri Port, UAC owned Burutu Port. Calabar Port was originally owned by five operators. NPA spent N3.35 million at the time to acquire theseShow MoreRelatedEmployee Motivation in the Organization: a Case Study of Nigerian Ports Authority13675 Words   |  55 Pagesmotivation has resulted in serious damage to many organizations in the areas of high rate of absenteeism, constant grievances, frequent industrial upheaval, high labour turnover, disciplinary problems and slow pace of economic development. Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) has its own share of these problems. Most of the staffs (i.e. lower staffs) are no longer dedicated to their work; hence show little or no commitment. The outcome of these researches will serve as an aid to the management of the organizationRead More The Governmental Structure of Nigeria Essay2737 Words   |  11 PagesThe Governmental Structure of Nigeria The Nigerian government has gone through both tough and good times. Though there were many trying times for this nation they have seemed to prevail, and continue to be doing fine with their new democratic system. The Nigerian Governmental structure is branched into three major sections, a federal level, a regional level, and a local level. The three branches are very similar to that of the United States, but still must be discussed and understood more completelyRead MorePlace of Bilingualism in Nigeria3726 Words   |  15 Pagescode-mixing is that of English and a Nigerian language. Dimike, 4 PRACTICE OF BILINGUALISM IN NIGERIA According to Lyons, â€Å"bilingualism is a feature of many countries of the world†. 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The current 1999 constitution is a product of haste becauseRead MoreExamine the Boko Haram Saga in Nigeria and Provide a Solution to Policy Makers1901 Words   |  8 PagesUNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL STUDIES (GRADUATE STUDIES) EXAMINE THE BOKO HARAM SAGA IN NIGERIA AND PROVIDE A SOLUTION TO POLICY MAKERS. BY NAME: BABALOLA OLUBUKOLA COURSE TITLE: RELIGION AND MODERN CHANGE IN AFRICA COURSE CODE: RCS 502.2 According to the Wikipedia Boko Haram refers to People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophets Teachings and Jihad. Better known by its Hausa name Boko Haram, it is a Salafist jihadist terrorist organization based in theRead MoreDiscussion of State Sovereignty and Globalization1765 Words   |  8 Pagesrecognized much later after the end of the ‘Thirty Years War’ and the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia. Internal Sovereignty was defined as the ability to exercise control and authority within the territorial boundaries of the state. While external sovereignty referred to the ability of the state to establish control and authority within its territory without any intervention from other states. Although the doctrine of globalization gained recognition back in the mid 80’s its still impossible to concretelyRead MoreStudents Unrest in Institutions of Higher Learning5830 Words   |  24 Pages INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Nigerian higher educational institution is established with the aim of giving any student who enrolls, a very sound and qualitative education, to be able to function effectively in any environment in which he/she may find him/herself; so as to become more productive, self-fulfilling and attain self-actualization (Federal Government of Nigeria, 1981). 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“The Tell Tale Heart” and “The Black Cat” Free Essays

Kaleb Clem Mrs. Winslow English II Honors 31 October 2012 â€Å"The Tell-Tale Hearts† – â€Å"The Black Cat† Comparison â€Å"The Tell-Tale Hearts† and â€Å"The Black Cat† are two stories that share more similarities than differences. The plots both start out the same with a main character whose actions throughout the story makes apparent to the reader his insanity and have to deal with the internal and external dilemmas that are caused by the evil deeds, which both happen to be involved with murder, due to the unstable state of the man’s conscience. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat† or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two stories have settings that are both strikingly similar. Both stories have a gothic, mysteriously dark setting. And both stories are set within the narrator and the main character’s home; however, â€Å"The Black Cat† had more than one setting. In â€Å"The Black Cat† the main character’s house is burned down and so he is forced to get a new one. More details are given about this house than his earlier house or the home in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart. † We are told that the house is old, unlike the first one, and not what he and the wife are used to. The story also tells about the cellar, being such an important setting the narrator tells us that the psychological confinement is increased and taping that gets into our deepest fears concerning home and life. The characters from â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat† we see that for the most part, the stories are unbelievably alike. Both stories feature a man who is undoubtedly considered insane by the end of the story and who is the main character and policemen investigate under suspicion of murder. The Tell-Tale Heart† also has a neighbor who plays a small role in the story and The Black Cat contains the man’s wife, Pluto, and the second cat. The plot is almost exactly the same in both stories. Both stories feature a man who claims to be sane in the beginning although he proves to be otherwise later. The insanity in both characters differs. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† the man just seems to have a mental condition of sorts. In The Black Cat,† however, the main character is a raging alcoholic, which seems to be the main cause for his abnormal and malevolent behavior, like when he cut out Pluto’s eye. Pluto never did anything wrong, but the man was intoxicated. â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat† were very similar. They had almost the same plot. The settings in the stories were much in common, and both plots featured gothic elements with large houses and lack of character variety. How to cite â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat†, Essay examples

Pneumothorax an Abnormal Collection of Air in the Pleural Space

Question: Discuss About Pneumothorax An Abnormal Collection Of Air In The Pleural Space? Answer: Introduction Pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space, causing an uncoupling of the lung from the chest wall. It leads to collapsing of lungs. As the level of air in the space between lung and chest wall increases, the pressure against lung also increases, which causes the lungs to collapse. There are several reasons, which may leads to pneumothorax. Thus, it is important to identify the cause of the disease along with the pathophysiology (Volpicelli 2011). In this essay, the focus is Leigh Richards, whose daughter needs to know the pathophysiology of pneumothorax and the rationale for the available pharmacology of the disorder. Thus, the essay would include the description of pathophysiology of the case patient, i.e. the role of UWSD insertion, signs and symptoms of pneumothorax and its effects on cardiac and respiratory system. Pathopysiology of pneumothorax Pneumothorax is the condition with the presence of gas within the pleural space. Normally, lungs are fully inflamed within the cavity as the alveolar pressure is greater than the intrapleural pressure, while the intrapleural pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure. Instead of low pressure in the pleural space air is unable to enter it due to the absence of air-containing passage and the pressure of gases in the bloodstream is low to forcefully enter into the pleural space. Therefore, if air is allowed to enter, via damaged chest wall or impaired lung or due to gas producing microbes present in the pleural space, pneumothorax can only develop (Grundy et al. 2012). Upon establishment of a link between pleural space and alveolus or within atmosphere and pleural space, gases follow the pressure gradient and flows into the pleural space, until the pressure gradient disappears or the abnormal communication is have been sealed. When the condition develops, as the thoracic cavity is u sually below the resting volume and lung is above its resting volume, lung becomes smaller and thoracic cavity enlarges. In minority of cases the air volume within the chest increases, when a one-way valve is developed by an area of damaged tissue, which develops tension pneumothorax. This condition is referred to a medical emergency and occurs when a he intrapleural pressure goes beyond the atmospheric pressure, especially at the time of expiration, as a result of a ball valve mechanism, which influences the inspiration accumulation of pleural gases. The development of pressure within pleural space results in hypoxaemia and leads to respiratory collapse due to compression of lung. The body compensate for the condition by increasing respiratory rate and tidal volume, thereby worsening the problem. This medical condition is caused due to a steadily worsening oxygen shortage along with low blood pressure (Subotic and Van Schil 2011). The condition may also lead to death by hypoxia and respiratory arrest, if not managed properly. However, in very rare cases, both of the lungs get affected by a pneumothorax, the condition known as atelectasis or collapsed lung. The primary pneumothorax is the condition occurring without apparent cause, in the absence of significant lung disease, whereas the secondary pneumothorax is referred to the condition when the other lung diseases are already present. The damage to chest wall can arise as a result of injury to chest wall like stab or bullet wounds. In secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces, a diverse range of disease process can lead to vulnerabilities in the lung tissue by rupturing of bullae in cases of severe emphysema (Zarogoulidis et al. 2014). The areas, where the necrosis occurs may facilitate pneumothorax. From many years it has been thought that small air filed lesions under pleural surface, which are known as blebs, are contributing in increasing the risk of pneumothorax. Pharmacology of pneumothorax Immediate needle decompression can be done for tension pneumothoraces. Continuous monitoring with regular X-ray for primary spontaneous pneumothoraces can also be a significant treatment. However, underwater seal drainage has a high potential to resolve the progression towards secondary spontaneous pneumothorax development (Nelson et al. 2013). UWSD and effects An underwater seal and chest tube, which is also known as chest drain, thoracic catheter, intercostals drain or thoracostomy, is a hollow, fexible and long tube, which is inserted through the chest wall within ribs and into the pleural space or mediastinum. This process is used for removing air, in case of pneumothorax from the intrathoracic space. It is a canister device, used for collecting chest drainage (Roberts et al. 2015). This drainage canister uses three chambers, based on three bottle system. The first chamber collects the fluid from chest. The second chamber plays the role of a water seal, acting as one way valve that allows the gases to excape, instead of allowing gases to re-enter chest. The third chamber is the suction control chamber. The water height in the chamber controls the negative pressure on the system. Chest drains usually remains in as long as the air remains in the pleural space. Leigh Richard will undergo a regular chest X-ray to monitor the progress in recovery of the heath issue. There may be complications, associated with chest drainage; minor problems include bruising, anxiety, breathing shortness and cough. However, major complications like bleeding, infection, re-expansion pulmonary edema, injury to liver, spleen or diaphragm may happen, though the frequency is low. Inappropriatee management can also cause thoracic aorta and heart injury. Chest tube clogging is the most common complication, caused by thrombus formation within the chest tube (Brown et al. 2014). The process can be used for other conditions like pleural effusion, referred to the condition related to accumulation of fluid in pleural space. The process is crucial for cease the development of tension pneumothorax, as tension pneumothorax is the condition, which is the result of progressive increase in intrapleu ral pressure to such levels that become positive all through the respiratory cycle and collapses the lung, shifts the mediastinum as well as impairs venous return to the heart. Therefore, untreated primary pneumothorax can lead to tension pneumothorax (Puri and Dingemann 2011). This condition, if treated with UWSD, can restore the previous normal lung structure and reduce the chance of systematic hypotension, respiratory and cardiac arrest. Effect on respiratory and cardiac system In case of tension pneumothorax, as the pressure of gas increases within the pleural space, the ipsilateral lung collapses, leading to hypoxia. Untreated condition leads to the shift of mediastinum towards the contralateral side and impinges on and compresses both the contralateral lung and impairs the venous return towards the right atrium. The effect is hypoxia, indicating that there is shortage of airflow through airtubes, leading to deceased venous return due to compression of the relatively thin walls of the atria, impairing the cardiac function (Subotic and Van Schil 2011). The condition is followed by kinking of the inferior vena cava, which has been demonstrated as the initial step in blood flow restriction towards heart. This kinds of situation has been identified in many in trauma patients, who are hypovolemic with reduced venous blood returning to the heart. Therefore, the above consequences of tension pneumothorax demonstrated that the condition, if left untreated, can ra pidly progress towards respiratory insufficiency, cardiac arrest or cardiovascular collapse, which in turn leads to death. Therefore, the above discussion regarding the effect of pneumthorax on both respiratory and cardiovascular system would be helpful for Leigh Richards daughter to understand from the nursing perspectives. Signs/Symptoms The symptoms are dependent upon the size of pneumothorax. In the mild cases, the symptoms are not properly felt or understood. However, in severe cases rapid symptoms may generate, leading to shock. Symptoms of pneumothorax usually include sudden onset of one sided, sharp chest pain along with breathing shortness. Shortness of breath or dyspnea may be mild or severe, severity of which depends upon how much the lung is collapsed. These sudden symptoms can be worsened with changes in altitudes like flying high in airplane or going underwater or underground (Volpicelli 2011). Breathing shortness or hypoxia is the manifestation of low airflow through the air tube, which is the result of respiratory arrest, whereas hypotension is the manifestation of cardiac insufficiency of proper blood flow through the blood vessels. The physical findings consist of absent tactile fremitus, hyperresonance to percussion along with decreased breath sounds on the affected side. Hypotension can also be a si gn, if the pneumothorax is large and the affected side is enlarged, which causes the shift of trachea to the opposite side. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that pneumothorax is a significant respiratory disorder, which should be diagnosed as soon as the patient experiences visible signs and symptoms. It is because, the issue can rapidly progress towards the worsening of the condition, which may be non-curable and may led to fatal consequences. In this essay, Leigh Richards case study was focused, where his daughter, the second year nursing student attempts to understand the consequences of the condition and role of UWSD. The essay demonstrated the signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, pharmacology of UWSD as well the effects of the issue on both respiratory and cardiovascular system. Reference List Brown, S.G.A., Ball, E.L., Macdonald, S.P.J., Wright, C. and McD Taylor, D., 2014. Spontaneous pneumothorax; a multicentre retrospective analysis of emergency treatment, complications and outcomes.Internal medicine journal,44(5), pp.450-457. Grundy, S., Bentley, A. and Tschopp, J.M., 2012. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a diffuse disease of the pleura.Respiration,83(3), pp.185-189. Nelson, D., Porta, C., Satterly, S., Blair, K., Johnson, E., Inaba, K. and Martin, M., 2013. Physiology and cardiovascular effect of severe tension pneumothorax in a porcine model.journal of surgical research,184(1), pp.450-457. Puri, P. and Dingemann, J., 2011. Pulmonary air leaks.Newborn Surgery 3E, p.333. Roberts, D.J., Leigh-Smith, S., Faris, P.D., Blackmore, C., Ball, C.G., Robertson, H.L., Dixon, E., James, M.T., Kirkpatrick, A.W., Kortbeek, J.B. and Stelfox, H.T., 2015. Clinical presentation of patients with tension pneumothorax: a systematic review.Annals of surgery,261(6), pp.1068-1078. Subotic, D. and Van Schil, P., 2011. Spontaneous pneumothorax: remaining controversies.Minerva chirurgica,66(4), pp.347-360. Volpicelli, G., 2011. Sonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax.Intensive care medicine,37(2), pp.224-232. Zarogoulidis, P., Kioumis, I., Pitsiou, G., Porpodis, K., Lampaki, S., Papaiwannou, A., Katsikogiannis, N., Zaric, B., Branislav, P., Secen, N. and Dryllis, G., 2014. Pneumothorax: from definition to diagnosis and treatment.Journal of thoracic disease,6(4), pp.S372-S376.

Monet Vs. Van Gough Essay Example

Monet Vs. Van Gough Essay Between 1858 and 1882 Monet painted 49 still lifes, and 21of them were of flowers. In his Chrysanthemums, the subject combined his interest in gardening and painting.A relation that was displayed even more after he moved to Giverny in 1883. Like his Bouquet of Sunflowers of 1881, this still life was probably painted when bad weather had driven the artist indoors. This still life display colors, rhythm, surface and touch to the fullest extent. In Van Goughs Oleanders, he believed that these flowers were joyous, and that they bloomed riotously were continually renewing themselves. In the painting the flowers are placed in a jug, which is symbolically adjacent to a book titled, La Joie de Vivre by Emile Zols. The flowers seem to be leaning towards the book, like how they would lean towards sunlight. Although they are opposites being Monet more classic and Van Gough, I like to call him, stylish, they both did their painting beautifully, the way the subject is brought to life with color . But what I truly loved was their totally different style and painting techniques. Monets style of painting where the subject appears to be blurry and being able to notice his delicate brush strokes in the petals of the flowers, along with his choice of colors give the painting a classic feel to it.You can see somewhat of a reflection of the vase and flowers on the table; again Monet uses his blurry technique. The light blue background gives it a calming, peaceful effect.

Experiment in Artificial Selection essays

Experiment in Artificial Selection essays In my study, I wanted to see if I could breed a trait (Longer petial stem length) in Brassaca rapa by following an artificial selection design. The study was also used in order to monitor the mechanisms of evolution. To do this, I wanted to see if cross pollinating plants with the trait I was looking for would show the selected trait I was looking for in the offspring. My experimental design was to record the data for the parent generation and then to cross-pollinate the ten plants with the longest petial stem length. Once the seeds were ripe, I planted on hundred seeds, even though many more were produced by the plants. After recording the data for the F1 generation (Selected Offspring) I compared the data with that of the parent generation (The first plants). The results were quite amazing. The data concluded that the F1 generation did in fact have longer petial stems compared to the parent generation. The experiment was a success. Before even beginning the experiment I knew very little if nothing at all about Brassica rapa, let alone that it even existed. I had, at the recommendation of the Teachers Assistant (Kelly Garron), done a little research on the Wisconsin Fast Plant by doing a short internet search which revealed some information. After learning a little background information on my test subject, I proceeded with the Experiment Brassaca rapa, other wise known as Wisconsin Fast Plants, has green foliage with the upper leaves partially clasping the stem. The stems are well branched, although the degree of branching depends on environmental conditions. The flowers are pale yellow, densely clustered at the top with open flowers at or above the level of terminal buds, and open upwards. B. rapa ¡Ã‚ ¯s pollination mechanics allow for self pollination (Asexual reproduction) as well as pollination from other B.rapa ¡Ã‚ ¯s. In the case of outside pollination, pollinating insects, in particular honey bees and bumble bees, are belie...

A Guide to Hyphens and Dashes

A Guide to Hyphens and Dashes A Guide to Hyphens and Dashes A Guide to Hyphens and Dashes By Mark Nichol This post details the purposes of various horizontally aligned typographical symbols. Hyphen Hyphens perform various functions, including the following: They link standing compound words (mind-set, self-respect). They are used with some prefixes (anti-inflammatory). They represent expression in isolation of a prefix or a word element (pre-, -er). They link spelled out numerical terms representing different place values (twenty-four). They link words in phrasal adjectives preceding but not following a noun (â€Å"short-term investment,† â€Å"off-the-cuff remark†) and when combining similar-looking constructions that begin with comparative adverbs such as better, much, and well (â€Å"best-kept secret†) Some style guides (but not this site) recommend that phrasal adjectives be hyphenated regardless of their position, and a few such expressions (such as far-reaching) are always hyphenated regardless of position or style authority. Also, a letter space should never intervene when a hyphen connects two words or numbers, except when suspending the first use of a word common to two or more phrasal adjectives (â€Å"fifteen- and thirty-day increments†). Hyphens are often introduced when new compounds are created, including in technological vocabulary, but such terms usually become closed compounds (though there are exceptions, such as mind-set, mentioned above, and light-year). Some terms that include letters linked to nouns retain hyphenation (A-list, T-bone, X-axis). Omission of a hyphen in email is trending, but similar terms such as e-commerce resist this evolution. Em Dash The dash, technically known as an em dash (to distinguish it from the en dash, described below), is used to indicate parenthesis when more emphasis is intended than indicated by a comma or a pair of parentheses. One dash is employed to when the wording expresses an attempt to get attention (â€Å"Look- a squirrel!†) or to indicate a sudden break in syntax and the parenthesis ends a sentence (â€Å"What I meant to say is- hey, are you paying attention?†) Similarly, it can replace a colon (â€Å"You have three options- fight, flight, or surrender†). Two dashes are employed when the parenthesis occurs mid-sentence (â€Å"The original version of the document- the one I hold here- is worded differently†). The dash is also employed to set off the identification of the source of an epigraph (â€Å"‘The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.’ - Franklin D. Roosevelt†). Also, one or more dashes may indicate redaction of all or part of a word or name in order to avoid identification or euphemize profanity (â€Å"The target was identified as - - - †; â€Å"Ms. A- - is not unacquainted with scandal†; â€Å"Well, I’ll be d- - ed!†). Dashes are usually closed- that is, they are set with no preceding or following letter spaces- but some publishers prefer to format them open. Some, too, out of ignorance or apathy or for the sake of simplicity (as in the case of some newspapers), use a single or double hyphen in place of an em dash- or, because they prefer its size, employ an en dash. (This is a valid design decision, but use of a single or double hyphen appears amateurish and should be avoided.) En Dash The en dash, always so called to distinguish it from the default em dash, which is often referred to simply as a dash, has two functions: representing a range of numbers or a time span (â€Å"Read pages 15–37†; â€Å"John Smith [1936–2012] is not listed†; â€Å"These figures represent revenues during the first quarter [January–March]†) as a substitute for through serving as a substitute for a hyphen in a compound term (â€Å"Pre–Civil War conditions sometimes prevailed†; â€Å"The United States–Mexico border is nearly two thousand miles long.† (These distinctions are, again, sometimes ignored.) The en dash is employed for the latter use because â€Å"pre-Civil War conditions† implies â€Å"before the Civil† rather than â€Å"before the Civil War† and â€Å"the United States-Mexico border† appears to refer to a united border between States and Mexico rather than one between the United States and Mexico. Plus Sign A plus sign (+) is employed in mathematics and other disciplines to indicate addition or positive numbers, and in lay usage it may modify a letter grade or qualify a blood type. It is sometime used informally to indicate a value greater than the stated one, as in â€Å"I would say 50+ people attended.† (Formally, â€Å"I would say more than fifty people attended† is better, and a direct quote would be better represented as â€Å"I would say fifty-plus people attended.†) Minus Sign A minus sign (–) is a distinct symbol used in digital displays of mathematics and other disciplines to signal subtraction or negative numbers; like the plus sign, it may be used in designations of letter grades and blood types. However, a minus sign is often represented by a hyphen or an en dash in print or online. Multiplication Sign A multiplication sign (Ãâ€") is used almost exclusively in mathematics and in isolated functions in notations in biology and history. In lay usage, the letter x generally takes its place. Division Sign The division sign, officially called an obelus, was replaced by the dagger mark († ) as a reference sign and now pertains exclusively to division in mathematics. Equal Sign An equal sign (=) represents equivalence and is occasionally used in informal writing in place of equals. Tilde A tilde (~) usually functions to denote a variation in pronunciation of certain letters in various languages, but it also serves in informal writing to signal approximation, as in â€Å"We continued along for ~20 miles.† Underscore The underscore (_), employed on typewriters to create underlines, survives now mainly as a symbol in email addresses, URLs, and computer code. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" Proved vs. ProvenWoof or Weft?

What were the legal and ethical ramifications of the mid 1980's Research Paper

What were the legal and ethical ramifications of the mid 1980's insider trading scandal - Research Paper Example The stock trading of an organization as well as other securities, which include bonds or stock options, by people who have significant inside information about a company is called the insider trading. It is considered to be legal by most countries, but only in the case that it does not harm the company and its profit making in any way. The insider traders are mostly the officers, key employees, directors and other shareholders who may gain such authentic information. But this very term, insider trading, also have negative connotations. In the United States, it is incumbent upon the inside traders to publicly declare their trade transactions to the regulatory authority within the given time of business days. However, when the same thing is done based on material nonpublic information while an insider is carrying a duty, it becomes a fraud and a breach of trust. This illegal insider trading, which as a result raises the cost of capital for security issuers lead to a large decline in ec onomic growth. There are ethics officers, who are commonly known as business conduct officers, hired by organizations to protect their interests (Geisst, 2006). â€Å"Wall Street insider trading scandal 1980†: This practice has started since the mid-1980s due to constant series of financial frauds, corruption and many abuse scandals which surrounded the US defense industry. To protect and promote the ethical business practices the Defense Industry Initiative (DII) was formed, which set an initial standard for ethics management in companies. One such famous case of an insider trading scandal is that of â€Å"the Wall Street insider trading scandal of the mid-1980s†. Its primary player was Dennis Levine who was a managing director at Drexel Burnham Lambert (Newsweek, 1986). The initial charge was filed by the US Attorney Rudy Giuliani which finally led the investigators to arrest Ivan Boesky. Levine built a whole network of professionals in many Wall Street firms who wer e engaged in insider trading. He maintained an account with a fake name in the Swiss banks subsidiaries in Bahamas because it has some of the hardest bank secrecy laws as compared to anywhere in the world. He did this to be safe from detection. He then had to shift his business in May 1980 to â€Å"Bank Leu† which earned him around $10.6 million (Stewart, 1991). But at Bank Leu, the officials there realized Levine’s insider trading activities and banked on him themselves. But they did this collaborative action through Merrill Lynch, which detected a suspicion about trading activities in two other brokers’ personal accounts in May 1985. This started an internal investigation which reached Bank Leu, where due to the bank’s secrecy they had to forward the matter to the SEC â€Å"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission†. It was decided by the bank officials that Levine should give his reasons for such an insider trading, but due to their destroying mos t of the sensitive documents relevant to Levine’s activity, they were charged with obstruction of justice (Dentzer, 1986). The Bank Leu officials decided to cooperate with the SEC because they noticed a huge gap between the actual managed accounts’ statements and the omnibus records. The stock trading was taken to be distinct from normal banking transactions and hence the bank named Levine guilty as the allegations were proved against him, thus his fraudulent activities led to his arrest. There was a tremendous amount of evidence against Levine related to securities fraud, obstructing justice, tax evasion and a charge of perjury as well. Levine decided to coordinate with the government in order to disclose the names of others who were involved alongside him (Levine and Hofer, 1991). This coordination with the government helped him to have a reduced sentence of two years in prison with a $362,000 fine (Time Magazine, 1987). He also agreed to pay the penalty for these il legal profits as well and also approved of

Statistical Reasoning in public Health Math Problem

Statistical Reasoning in public Health - Math Problem Example The children were followed for one year after randomization, and monitored for AOM during this period. 262 children were randomized to the vaccine group, and 150 of these children experienced at least one incident of AOM during the follow-up period. 134 children were randomized to the placebo group, and 83 of these children experience at least one incident of AOM during the follow-up period. (a) Report a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of children experiencing at least one incident of AOM during the follow-up period in: 1) the group randomized to receive AOM 51.2% to 63.1% 2) the group randomized to receive a placebo 53.5% to 69.7% 3) How do these 95% CI’s compare? (similar range of values? Overlap?) There is an overlap of values. (b) 1) Report a 95% confidence interval for the difference in proportions of children experiencing AOM over the follow-up period. (you may choose the direction of comparison – ie: placebo to vaccine or vice-versa) . Placebo to vacci ne: 47.3% to 63.1% 2) Interpret the confidence interval in a sentence. At the 95% confidence level, those who use a placebo have 47.3% to 63.1% chances of experiencing AOM over the follow-up period compared to those who have taken the vaccine. ... Yes, the p-value is consistent. (d) 1) Give an estimate of the relative risk of AOM (in the follow-up period) for children in the vaccine group compared to those in placebo. 0.92 2) Interpret this estimated relative risk. Those who are in the vaccine group are .92 times as likely to suffer from AOM than those in placebo. (e) 1) Give an estimate of the odds ratio of AOM (in the follow-up period) for children in the vaccine group compared to those in placebo. 0.82 or 50:41 2) Interpret this estimated odds ratio. Those who are in the vaccine group are .82 times more likely to suffer from AOM than those in placebo. 3) How does it compare in value to the estimate of relative risk from part d1? They are almost similar. (f) 1) Is this a randomized study? Yes 2) What does this study design suggest when translating the statistical result from part (b) into a substantive/scientific conclusion? (Note: this is an extension question, we have not covered this in detail, I just want you to think ab out it) A randomized study minimizes allocation bias and thus makes the statistical result from part (b) a substantive, unbiased, scientific conclusion 2. A study was done to investigate whether there is a relationship between survival of patients with coronary heart disease and pet ownership. A representative sample of 101 patients with CHD was taken. Each of these patients was classified as having a pet or not and by whether they survived one year following their first heart attack. Of 52 pet owners, 50 survived. Of 49 non-pet owners, 28 survived. Suppose you were interested in doing a statistical analysis of these study results. Answering the follow questions to help you with this goal! (g) Using Stata (or the posted Stata output) , report

Ethical decisions and informed consent Essay Example for Free

Ethical decisions and informed consent Essay In all counseling programs meant for children and adolescents, it is very important that the parents be involved. The parents would require knowing the results of the psychological analysis, most probably in concern for the well being of their wards. However, in certain cases, the children or the adolescents might not intent the parents to know the details of their case. Like an adult patient, the child patient would want to ensure confidentiality of their case. However, it is also important to know that the child would not be in a position to make a proper decision regarding their treatment. Hence, it is very important to ensure that confidentiality exists to a limited extent in such cases. The counselors would have to protect the adolescent and the teenager regarding the individual case. They have to maintain strict confidentiality and should not inform anybody about the details of their case. However, the counselor would also have to inform the parent, as the parents are in the best position in making a valuable decision about their wards. The child or adolescent may be acting out of immaturity in these cases. It is also important to keep in mind that issues regarding the sexual activity of the child and the interventions required for the treatment of a sexually transmitted disease differs from one state to another. Certain issues such as abuse, neglect, presence of any risk or danger to others, etc, have to be reported to the parents. The counselor should be aware that the parents have rights of the children. Only the relevant information has to be disclosed to the parents so that they can make an informed decision for the welfare of their wards. The information presented should be accurate and comprehensive. In this case the parents would have to be informed if any case of neglect, abuse, harm to the child, etc is present. Treatment of a sexually transmitted disease may have to be reported in case the child may cause the risk of transmitting it to other people. The counselor should also try to determine if any danger is present for the 15-year-old client from any other party. If any such danger were present, the counselor would have to ensure that the child is adequately protected by informing the parents. In all cases, the counselor, to determine the need for informing the parents, should conduct a thorough assessment of the situation.

Sounding the Oirish: OBrien versus Synge :: Essays Papers

Sounding the Oirish: O'Brien versus Synge "Synge was perhaps the most monstrous phony and buffeon ever to enter our celtic toilet, but he won international fame and money because foreigners extracted strange meanings and nuances from the language he used." Flann O'Brien was a writer obsessed with both nationhood and language, and saw the two as inextricably entwined. Nowhere was this more apparent than in his writings under the pseudonym of Myles na Gopaleen. One particular target of O'Brien's scorn was J. M. Synge's Playboy of the Western World. O'Brien felt that with the success of Synge's play, the stage-Irishman as he appeared in Dion Boucicault's works of the mid-1800s had become the prime symbol of Irishness (although, it may be argued, both Boucicault and Synge are putting forward a subversive version of the stage Irishman who had been a staple part of English drama for centuries). The main thrust of O'Brien's knife is this: "The set-up is this. These people turn angrily on the British and roar: 'How dare you insult us with your stage Irishman, a monkey-faced leering scoundrel in ragged knee-breeches and a tail coat, always drunk and threatening anybody in sight with his shillelagh? We can put together a far better stage Irishma n ourselves, thank you. The Irish Stage Irishman is the best in the world.'" The pig-in-the-kitchen image of Ireland was, as far as O'Brien was concerned, the main effect of the nationalistic firing of half-cocked muskets. Rather than subverting the English stage Irishman, Boucicault, Synge and their ilk merely augmented its dubious itinerary (I never said that the pro-subversion argument was a winning one). The crippling stroke O'Brien applies to Synge deals exclusively with language: "[T]he worst was Synge. Here we had a moneyed dilettante coming straight from Paris to study the peasants of Aran not knowing a syllable of their language, then coming back to pour forth a deluge of homemade jargon all over the Abbey stage ..." From such jargon has emerged such wondrous entertainments as Darby O'Gill and the Little People, The Quiet Man, and even the recent offerings Far and Away and Waking Ned (add to this truncated role of dishonour umpteen others, and don't forget that amadan in Braveheart). Although Synge may have had subversive intentions, the legacy such work has given us is not subversive at all. Instead it bedecks the politics of colonialism with praties, shillelaghs, and a bottle of the aul' poitin.

Easyinternetcafe Cafe Essay

This case report addresses the challenges to implement a new logistic system that if well implemented it can improve operations and can convert easyinternetcafe into a profitable company. EasyInternetCafe (eIC)is a chain of Internet cafes with stores in the UK, the USA, Holland, Belgium, France, Germany, Spain and Italy. eIC is part of the Easy Group, headed by the Greek entrepreneur Stelios Haji-Ioannou. The original business model is to build and operate on the principle of ‘economics of scale’ or Yield Management: most stores would be open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and each has an average of 350 PC’s. In 2003, with losses continuing to mount, eIc management has decided to radically revamp their operations. In order to eliminate the need for future investments in new stores, the strategy was changed. It has been decided to appoint franchisees for the new stores and also, if possible, for the existing legacy stores. According to the new strategy, the franchisee would be required to bear the costs of the property and the hardware. It was also decided to move from large stores to smaller stores with 20 to 30 PCs. The current logistic situation represents a bottleneck and it is one of the major causes for the ongoing losses at easyinternetcafe. After reviewing different logistics scenarios and providers, I strongly recommend taking a closer look to support the logistic alternative that Ingram Micro is proposing. If we do that, we could benefit in the warehousing, accounting and transportation areas, through all this areas, it will help us reduce the logistics costs and labour per new store, from almost to  £2,000.00 to  £1,357.00, this and the benefits mentioned before, will help us to achieve our overall objective of being a profitable company. This; will be the strategic perspe ctive that will be demonstrated throughout the report. Issue(s) Identification: 1. Yield Management does not work for every company. eIC’s first store opened in June 1999 opposite in London. Soon afterwards, it was quickly recognized that eIC’s yield management had certain characteristics that later affected the business model: elC was offering a highly perishable product: 1 hour of Internet access time, cannot be put in inventory, once that hour is gone, there is no way of reselling that hour of internet access time. Although stores are large, capacity is limited; Internet access demand varies, not only by time of day, day of week, but also across other time and seasonal horizons. Incremental costs are next to nothing: it doesn’t matter whether there is one person or 500 in a store, the bandwidth is already there. By the time the second and third stores were opened, eIC had built yield management into its store management system. 2. Current Logistics System Logistics is not a core competency at elC, but it has become one of the integral activities. Logistics for elc means to supply the new stores with their initial assests, including all of the furniture and PCs. This system is a drag on scalability, efficiency and a bottleneck for growth and the main reason for spiraling high cost and ongoing losses. Environmental and Root Cause Analysis: Aggressive use of yield management is a recognized and admired business model of Stelios. EasyJet was a profitable company after just a few years of operation. However, with EasyInternetCafe profits seem a long way off, the assumption that offering very low prices would increase the demand significantly lead to losses of  £80m- £100m from 199 to 2002. Below are some root causes of the symptoms above: * The stores are too large; economies of scale don’t materialize if occupancy is half empty. * Fixed costs were too high due to the quantity of Pcs per store. * Staff overheads were excessive. Assumptions: * Are there sufficient customers who want to use an internet cafe? To-day, most of the homes have internet access, and many others have (free) access at their place of work or at colleges or university. * Are the stores located in the right place to attract customers throughout the day and the whole week? Downtown cafes might attract business people needing to keep in touch, but many city centres are quiet in the evenings and at weekends. By mid-2001, with cash running out a drastic action was necessary: a franchising plan is being developed. It is important that every cafe looked the same, with common signage, furnishings and PCs. The time to sign a contract with a franchise is one week. If the franchisee did not already have space for the cafà ©, eIc would assist in recommendations with locations within 28 days. The broadband internet connection had to be installed by the local telecoms supplier within 28 days. Also they need to Desk installed within seven days. Server delivered and installed 2 days and PCs delivered and installed 2 days. CVM delivered and installed 1 day Signage delivered and installed 1 day. Chairs delivered and installed 1 day. Testing complete system 2 days and also Open for business within one day. So, how much time should it take to open the cafe once the contract is signed? From the predecessors plan we see that average duration of time for all activity. Under bellow we discuss about time of the contract are signed.

Four stages of the learning cycle Essay

During our final chapter, we discussed the four stages of the learning cycle. The four stages of transformational learning are as follows: recognizing a significant problem, confronting it intensely, finding a solution, then integrating a new perspective and a new set of assumptions into ones’ life pattern. I think that a lot of times people go through life not realizing when they have a problem. Therefore, acknowledging your problem is most definitely the first step in learning from it. When you realize that there is a problem, you must confront the problem head on to find a solution. Once you have found a solution, you need to incorporate it into your life. These four stages are important in any learning experience. The transformational experience that I will use for my example is very personal. I used to be in a very abusive marriage. My marriage was damaging to me as a person, and damaging to my children because it prohibited me from making anything of myself. I would always make excuses for my lack of productivity, stating that I couldn’t do anything with my life because my husband wouldn’t let me. Finally, in 2011, I realized that I was wasting my life. The only thing that my daughter was ever going to learn from me, was how to let someone else run there life and impact her choices. We would never have had a normal life! When I realized what I was doing to myself and to my kids, I knew that I had a significant problem. I confronted the problem, and I was very intense about it. I tried marriage counseling, personal counseling, and biblical counseling. I tried talking with my ex, and I sought advice from many people whom I really believed could help. After exhausting my resources, I knew that the only logical solution was to take my children out of the abusive situation and start from scratch. I chose to go first to the police for help, and then to battered women’s shelter. The women’s shelter helped us to move away and start over. I have now been away from him for a little over two years, and I am in my first healthy relationship. By integrating my new perception, I was able to go farther in the past year than I ever did in all of the years of my former relationship. I am now a business owner, I am in school, and I am getting married to a wonderful man who loves me and my children. My children now get to grow up in a loving family and a healthy environment. I am now able to say with confidence that I am doing my best to be an example for them. This was most definitely a transformational learning experience for me. I think that in my experience the main stage that applied in my life, was the integration stage. It is often easier to recognize a problem, and even to find a solution, than it is to follow through on change. Often times the follow through is not so simple. There were numerous times during that relationship where I knew the problem, and the solution was apparent, however I didn’t believe in myself to integrate the solution it into my life. I believe that truly integrating a new perspective, and changing your assumptions is a very difficult stage to master. I am glad that I was able to make it through that final stage, and to become the person I am today. I still have a long way to go, but I am proud to be so far from who I once was.

The Office of the American Presidency essays

The Office of the American Presidency essays The American Constitution is, without dispute, one of the most significant political achievements of western civilization. The authors of the Constitution expounded the philosophy of their own political world, while at the same time leaving a legacy to protect, guide, and shape their country throughout all of history. Although there are many interesting aspects to this very complex document, this paper focuses solely on how the Founding Fathers theoretically envisioned the office of the American Presidency. My approach is not to merely compile a list of presidential powers, as a cursory reading of the constitution provides this information; but to briefly explore why the office was necessary and what role the Founding Fathers intended that a chief executive would fulfill. The truth is that everyone was a little nervous at the idea of having a chief executive. The cause of this uneasiness isnt difficult to understand considering that America had just finished fighting for independence from a single executive in the person of the King of England. The reason a presidential office was written into the design of the Constitution, at all, was a matter of structural necessity. To understand the need for an executive we must first examine the theoretical foundation of the country itself. One of the founding fathers, the Father of the Constitution, James Madison, argued that American government should be modeled as a republic rather than a democracy. One reason for this distinction is that, In a democracy the people meet and exercise the government in person; in a republic they assemble and administer it by their representatives and agents. A democracy, consequently, must be confined to a small spot. A republic may extend over a large region. More importantly, Madison argued that a democracy would be ineffective because factions would quickly control the government, leaving no protections for the weaker parties ...

Invention of Polystyrene and Styrofoam

Invention of Polystyrene and Styrofoam Polystyrene is a strong plastic created from erethylene and benzine. It can be injected, extruded or blow molded. This makes it a very useful and versatile manufacturing material.   Most of us recognize polystyrene in the form of styrofoam used for beverage cups and packaging peanuts. However, polystyrene is also used as a building material, with electrical appliances (light switches and plates) and in other household items. Eduard Simon Hermann Staudinger Polymer Research Keystone/Stringer/Getty Images German apothecary Eduard Simon discovered polystyrene in 1839 when he isolated the substance from natural resin. However, he did not know what he had discovered.  It took another organic chemist named Hermann Staudinger to realize that Simons discovery, comprised of long chains of styrene molecules, was a plastic polymer. In 1922, Staudinger published his theories on polymers. They stated that natural rubbers were made up of long repetitive chains of monomers that gave rubber its elasticity. He went on to write that the materials manufactured by the thermal processing of styrene were similar to rubber. They were the high polymers, including polystyrene. In 1953, Staudinger won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his research. BASF Commercial Use of Polystyrene Badische Anilin Soda-Fabrik or BASF was founded in 1861. BASF has a long history of being innovative due to having invented synthetic coal tar dyes, ammonia, nitrogenous fertilizers as well as developing polystyrene, PVC, magnetic tape and synthetic rubber. In 1930, the scientists at BASF developed a way to commercially manufacture polystyrene. A company called I.G. Farben is often listed as the developer of polystyrene because BASF was under trust to I G. Farben in 1930. In 1937, the Dow Chemical company introduced polystyrene products to the U.S. market. What we commonly call styrofoam, is actually the most recognizable form of foam polystyrene packaging. Styrofoam is the trademark of the Dow Chemical Company while the technical name of the product is foamed polystyrene. Ray McIntire - Styrofoam Inventor Dow Chemical Company scientist  Ray McIntire invented foamed polystyrene aka Styrofoam. McIntire said his invention of foamed polystyrene was purely accidental. His invention came about as he was trying to find a flexible electrical insulator around the time of World War II. Polystyrene, which already had been invented, was a good insulator but too brittle. McIntire tried to make a new rubber-like polymer by combining styrene with a volatile liquid called isobutylene  under pressure. The result was a foam polystyrene with bubble and was 30 times lighter than regular polystyrene. The Dow Chemical Company introduced Styrofoam products to the United State in 1954. How Are Foamed Polystyrene or Styrofoam Products Made? Foamed polystyrene starts as small spherical beads that contain an expanding agent called hydrocarbon.The polystyrene beads are heated with steam. As the expanding agent boils, the beads soften and expand up to forty times their original size.The expanded beads are left to cool down before being heated again. However, this time the beads are expanded within a mold.The molds are designed in a variety of  shapes  depending on the desired end product.  Examples are things such as styrofoam  cups, cartons, wig stands and more.The beads completely fill the mold and also fuse together.Styrofoam is about 98% percent air.

Comparative study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparative study - Coursework Example The major theme of the play is to portray the heroism of women and to portray how women overcome the bullying of the selfish men. The play is a very serious aspect of the society with a comical touch and also excellent use of language across the whole play. The major theme of the play is to provide a view of how women are able to become self respecting and overcome all the hurdles poised by men. Inside I’m Dancing is a very strong story that revolves around freedom, love, friendship. The movie has portrayed a situation of two young men in wheelchairs and how they need to experience all the above stated emotions. The movie has led to a number of controversies for the immaturity that is portrayed and how the individuals have been shown to be naive and emotionally immature. However it is an excellent film with a great script and excellent performances. After examining and analyzing the film, play and the novel, it is clear that all these three have a common factor. All three revolve around the three major elements of life, i.e. love, friendship and freedom. Each of three have portrayed that every culture and every life around the world need all the three above mentioned elements in life. Irrespective of whether people are from different cultures, irrespective of whether they are normal or have any kinds of health issues and also irrespective of the class that people belong to, every person requires the three major elements in life. The freedom of women and the ability of women to overcome all issues across the worlds is a strength that women need to recognize and work towards gaining their complete freedom. Also the love and friendship among friends and the need to share a common interest is another essential aspect that has been discussed. This study has allowed for a clearer view of the various aspects of life which have been ov erlooked in the daily rush of work and other activities. This comparison is an eye opener to understanding the

Creating an Emergnecy Service Delivery Operation Essay

Creating an Emergnecy Service Delivery Operation - Essay Example The company will enjoy a contingent team of experience team to fill in any gap occasioned anytime. The volunteer aspect will also serve as the company’s corporate social responsibility where it connects to the people of the surrounding where its domain is felt (Thomas, & Voss, 2009). The company strategic goals and objectives will be to enhance capacity and provide extensive support in alleviating human suffering during cases of emergencies that require swift responses. The organization envisages conducting a survey regarding certain crucial information that will make the management have useful information at hand that will make them make informed choices on how to roll operation. This is in terms of routes, population density, and the area morphology. The organization also plans to increase their service two folds higher compared to the current level (Sene, 2008). In the case of fire which is the most destructive in terms of devastation and time, our organization will need tw o fire fighting vehicles fully loaded with at least 20 trained and experienced personnel in fire mitigation. In the flood rescue, it will need chopper plane, a number of life jackets, and at least 5 trained personnel in such calamities. In the case of the mass casualty incident to say road accident, the organization will need at least three ambulances with trained medical team-this may be a road accident or something of similar magnitude. In the case of a urban fire interface, the organization may need up to 100 personnel and a fleet of 10 fire fighting vehicles with functional system. In the organization, the day-to-day duties will be organized as if there is already signs that there will be a disaster at specific time. This is to avoid any delay in cases of the emergencies. The operation manager will confirm that at least five fire-fighting vehicles are ready with full load of system to respond to any emergency without any delay. The human resource manger will also confirm that th e minimum number of the personnel area available anytime any day for maximum preparation to any emergency. The toll free call has to be examined every day and their functionality noted, the recipient to the call must always be at the desk to attend to any cal on time (Blyth, 2008). This is seen as a good strategy and preparation that will ensure immediate response to the emergencies. The organization will depend on the government assistance during annual budgeting though this is not always enough to manage emergencies throughout the year. The organization is thus linking with other firms and corporate bodies to contribute in the running of the daily affairs as part of giving back to the society (Thompson, 2004). Well-wishers and philanthropist are also being courted to help the organization meet their objectives. We will also be working on getting grants from other bodies. We have to emphasize that resources are the lifeline of this organization and in the case of shortage; it can h ardly achieve its objectives as stipulated. The regional state response partners will be the city governor. We find this the best alternative since the city also has a parallel system that can supplement this. It is therefore easy to execute operation intended with them. We face several changes; this includes narrow roads and poor traffic adherence by other motorist, this always delays our operation in the cases of emergencies. The construction of the building

Leadership and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership and change - Essay Example All the employees presented such a feeling mainly due to neurosis or mental distress. This means, if an employee or employees are not mentally satisfied with the organizational culture or management strategies then such a situation arises. Not only this, maximum extent of co-workers reacted very roughly that lowered my perception towards them. Such a situation aroused mainly due to lack of communication or interpersonal skills. As the employees created a communicational gap within me and them, so their level of dedication and commitment towards the assigned goals also declined significantly. Along with this, the level of performance and productivity of the employees of my department also reduced that hampered the portfolio of the organization in the market. In addition, due to lack of dedication, our department failed to achieve the targets that hindered our reputation among other subsequent departments of the organization. Moreover, due to communicational gap, the other employees of our department failed to converse with me that hampered the operations and functions of the organization to a significant extent. As a result of which, the brand image and dominance of me, as a supervisor declined significantly that proved extremely worse for me and the organization. If a similar above mentioned situation is again faced by me, then I would organise a meeting with all my colleagues and interpersonally communicate with them. In that meeting, I would try to analyse and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each employee at the time of communication so as to reduce the gap among them. Apart from this, such an interpersonal communication might help the employees to communicate effectively with me that might enhance the motivational skills of both of us. This might prove effective in enhancement of the dedication power of the employees thereby amplifying their performance and efficiency at work. In addition, to enhance the

Relationship Marketing By Mcdonalds Marketing Essay

Relationship Marketing By Mcdonalds Marketing Essay Relationship Marketing: The concept of Traditional Marketing which was mainly based on customer satisfaction has now totally shifted to Relationship building with the customers, customer retention and managing the relationships (Gronroos C, 1989). The marketing mix of 5 Ps has changed into 30Rs (Gummeson, 1996) due to the globalisation, modern business trends and ever changing consumers demand. (Webster, 1992) Now the businesses are not only focused on developing a marketing mix in accordance with the consumers demand but they need to sell their products and services in such a way that consumer should satisfy and return for making the next purchase which means maintaining relations with your customers and managing it in such a way tending the customers to stay with the business for a longer period. According to Gronroos, 1990, Relationship Marketing is to establish, maintain, manage and enhance relationships with the customers and other parties, at the profit, so that the objectives of the parties involved are met. This is actually achieved by a manual exchange and fulfilment of the promises. It is very important to build a relation with the customer in order to find out his needs, preferences and the attributes he values in the product, so that the marketer can easily formulate the strategies to fulfil those needs to satisfy the customers. Now both the parties are mutually helping each other in earning profit as customers are telling the marketers, what to sell and marketers are giving them what they need. Thus close relationship with the customer have become the vital part of todays businesses. (Aijo T. S., 1996). Along with this the company should keep in mind that if they had made certain promises with the customers should be fulfilled (Egelhoff, 1998), as these promises ma de by the company for products and services given attract and persuade customers towards that company in return they will help in companys progression by positive word of mouth and on the other hand if it is not so then it can result in disloyalty of the customers and even losing them (Colonius, 1988) and customers trust will help to maintain and enhance the relationship. (Moorman et al, 1993). Mc Donalds Company: Mc Donalds is the global fast food restaurant chain most recognised and respectable worlds leading food service retailers (www.mcdonalds.com, 2011) with more than 32000 restaurants serving 60 million people across 100 countries. (Bramhall, 2009) The company is growing with the fast pace with the promise of quality service every time and in every meal, which differentiate it from the rest of the other restaurant chains. To achieve its motive of par excellence Mc Donalds has always focused on the fact that the market and consumers demand are ever changing and has managed to adopt the marketing strategies to satisfy the customers and become the leader in the fast food industry. (www.essaysample.com, 2011) Mc Donalds follows QSCV strategy (Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value) at all its stores all over the world and the quality of products and services offered at all the stores is also the same. Out of the 32000 restaurants all over the world, 80% are franchised ( www.aboutmcdonalds.com, 2011) with a belief of working global but acting local. To maintain and manage close relationships with the customers, Mc Donalds has paid attention to the changing markets and customers wants and needs such as introduction of breakfast menus, adult food, kids zone, internet (wi-fi), Prà ªt a manger, training for the staff all over the world, adaptation of the choice of food demanded by the people in different parts of the world etc. (www.mcdonalds.com, 2011) Relationship Marketing by Mc Donalds: The customers for Mc Donalds are from the kids to the older persons, everyone can be heard saying I am lovin it. For all the customers visiting Mc Donalds, the environment seems to be the same with the consistent services as in any other part of the world (Egelhoff, 1998). Companys worldwide operations are held around a global strategy Plan to win and according to this the customers are offered with the exceptional and improved services to enhance their experiences with the Mc Donalds. (www.aboutmcdonalds.com , 2011) This is the main strategy of the Mc Donalds to retain and maintain its customers as every restaurant they are visiting they will find the best QSCV means the best quality, services, cleanliness and value for their money. For this mc Donalds is having a series of suppliers providing the same quality of the raw material needed for the products and trained staff to serve the customers in the best and the same way everywhere. Along with this the adaptation of the menu with t he new places such as Maharaja Mac instead of Big Mac in India due to preference for chicken and avoidance of beef, Samurai Pork Burger with teriyaki sauce in Thailand, Kiwi Burger in New Zealand etc (Sabana, 1996) and the adoption of new changes with the time and customers demand such as Golden Archs Hotel in Switzerland, Menu variations for people with diabetes, obesity and health consciousness, wi-fi, Mc kids, coupons, Mc Cafe etc (globaloneness.com, 2011, Butcher D., 1996). The acquisition of other brands such as Chiptole, Pret a Manger, Donatos etc has also added new customers to the company. (Light Kiddon, 2009) Kids: For kids it has set up kids zone, toys with the meal, Ronald (it is said that when children sees Ronald, they think of French fries and Burger), chicken Nuggets etc and can say fun food for the kids. (www.customessaymeister.com, 2011) Adults: For adults such as students and youngsters, it has set happy price menu as these people have limited pocket money and they value for the money they spend. They are served with burger, French fries, Mc puffs etc with coke. RM model for Mc Donalds: Its clear from the above description that Mc Donalds is using QSCV strategy and glocalisation strategy i.e. global product with the local flair to attract the new customers and retain them for a long by coping up their ever changing demands. We can say that the company is earning great success with its policy but the Loyalty Ladder model is used to assess the customers loyalty towards the company. Loyalty Ladder Model: The loyalty model is the heart of the CRM, the marketers want their customers to climb this ladder and become their loyal customers (Sanchez, 1997).The model shows that when a customer is known about a product or services he becomes the prospect and would like to try the product or services, then his next move is to buy the product and becomes the customer of the company. In such case if he likes the product would repeat the purchase and if not then he can turn to be a disloyal customer who will speak against the poor experience of the product or service delivered at every opportunity. But if they liked the product would like to repeat the purchase and become the regular client of the company, in such a case company should see to it that these clients are thoroughly satisfied as they will turn as a loyal customers in the near future. Mc Donalds is keenly acting locally with the global products so that the customers would tend to buy the product every time the new variations in the me nu or the combinations of the meals such as Happy Price Menu, Extra Value meals etc are introduced in the stores. The quality of the services and the product offered are of the superior quality with the local tastes and modifications which makes the customers of Mc Donalds, a loyal customer or a advocate who will always speak about the best experiences and the fun related to the new introductions with the time. Critical Evaluation of the Mc Donalds RM strategy: The QSCV strategy followed by the company and the global product with the local flair are the main strategies attracting the customer and the superior quality and consistency of the services are retaining them for long. Mc Donalds has gained success with its great asset customers who shared their fond experiences as a child or parents taking their family to the stores. The company is marketing, innovating and renovating the brand by huge publicity through television and other mass media sources. (Light Kiddon, 2009) But with the time the company has faced criticism such as decline of quality of food, health problems such as obesity, unavailability of same quality of raw material all over the world, toy with the meal was attracting the kids for the toy not food, health conscious customers were demanding organic food instead of the fatty stuffs. The company has successfully overcome such criticism through continuous innovations but there is need to do more for the customers as Mc Dona lds has close competitions with Burger King, KFC, Yumm etc and they are also offering the best services and global products like hamburger, chicken sandwiches and French fries etc so there is a possibility that the customers if not served well can switch to other brand very easily. The unsatisfied customers can turn to be the disloyal customers harassing the brand image of the company. Conclusion and recommendations: We can conclude from the above description that Mc Donalds is the leading brand in the fast food industry and has managed to win the hearts of the customers all over the world with its exceptional services and quality of the food offered. It has been successful in managing and maintaining good relations with the customers in spite of the criticism faced by the company over the time. But here are some recommendations for the company so that it can move on with the same pace and win the heart of the customers. Now as we know that the world has become a global market and the strategy once followed cant be successful at all the time, there is a need to introduce some changes over the time. Along with the QSCV strategy, timeliness criteria should also be introduced that the customers would be served in the particular period of time. The variations introduced according to the regions can be carried forward to the other regions also to provide an internationa l taste to customers all over the world e.g. Coconut milk served in Brazil by the Mc Donalds can also be introduced in India or Srilanka, countries where coconuts grow to give a Brazilian flavour to the meals etc. Regular innovations and communication with the public is very necessary for the company to be the top leader as it is facing tough competition in the fast food industry market with the Burger King, Yumm and KFC etc as they are also having their food specialised in a way or another so regular innovations with the meals are very necessary to keep the customers in touch regularly. References: Aijo, T.S., (1996), The Theoretical and Philosophical Underpinnings of Relationship Marketing, Environmental factors behind The Changing Marketing Paradigm, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 30 No. 2. Bramhall J. (2009), Mc Donalds Corporation, available at: http://www.hoovers.com/company/McDonalds_Corporation/rfskci-1.html Butcher D. (2010), McDonalds goes with Near Field Communications for sales lift, Mobile Commerce Daily, available at: http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/2010/07/14/a-merchant%E2%80%99s-argument-for-mobile-contactless-technology-celent Calonius, H., (1988).A Buying Process Model, in Blois, K., and Parkinson, S. (Eds), Innovative Marketing A European Perspective, proceedings from the 17th Annual Conference of the European Marketing Academy, University of Bradford. Custom essay meister,(2011), Marketing in Mc Donalds, Term paper on Marketing, available at: http://www.customessaymeister.com/customessays/Marketing/6655.htm Egelhoff Tom (1998), Relationship Marketing: What it is and how to make it work for you, available at: http://www.smalltownmarketing.com/relationshipmarketing.html Essay sample (2011), ), Ray Kroc and Mc Donalds Marketing Strategy, available at: http://www.essaysample.com/essay/001900.html Global Oneness.com, (2011), McDonalds: Encyclopaedia II McDonalds Location-specific adaptations and variations, available at: http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/McDonalds_-_Location specific_adaptations_and_variations/id/1754532 Grà ¶nroos, C., (1989) Defining Marketing: A Market-oriented Approach, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 23 No. 1 Grà ¶nroos, C., (1990.)Service Management and Marketing. Managing the Moments of Truth in Service Competition, Free Press/Lexington Books, Lexington, MA Grà ¶nroos, C., (1994).From marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing, Management Decision, Vol. 32 No. 2 Light Kiddon, (2009), Six Rules for Brand Revitalisation, Wharton School Publishing, Pearson Education. Moorman, C., (1993) Relationships between Providers and Users of Market Research: The Role of Personal Trust, Working Paper No. 93-111, Marketing Science Institute, Cambridge Our Company, Getting us to know, Mc Donalds, available at: http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company.html Our story 2011, Mc Donalds, available at: http://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en/our_story.html Sabana A.R., (1996), Why and How The Traditional Marketing Paradigm Based On Only Customer Satisfaction Has Evolved To The Concept of Relationship Marketing, available at: http://www.starbacks.ca/Athens/4584/article3.htm Sanchez (1997), Customer Relationship Marketing, Building Customer relationships for enduring Profits in the Wired Economy, available at: http://www.zunch.com/zunch/files/Zunch_CRM.pdf Student Research, (2011), Mc Donalds FAQ, Our Company, Mc Donalds, available at: http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company/mcd_faq/student_research.html The Loyalty Ladder, (2011), The marketing Teacher, available at: http://marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-loyalty-ladder.html Webster, Jr, F.E.(1992), The Changing Role of Marketing in the Corporations, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56 Write work (2011), Ray Kroc and Mc Donalds Marketing Strategy, available at: http://www.writework.com/essay/ray-kroc-and-mcdonald-s-marketing-strategy B2B Dual branding Strategy by Cemex: Abstract: This essay evaluates the B2B operations of Cemex plc that how the company has built its brand image and used dual brand strategy to become a global leader in the field of the construction materials suppliers. It will show that how the strategy has been formulated and used in different countries with a view to acquire the knowledge of the local markets and deploy this knowledge for the integration and acquisition in the global markets. B2B Marketing: Unlike B2C where businesses are directly exposed to the end users, B2B marketing is held between the businesses and it is very necessary for the businesses to maintain and manage the relationships with their suppliers, distributors and the retailers who are helping the company to not only produce a product but also transfer them to the end users. Cemex Company Overview: The Company has been established in 1906 in Mexico and from a local company it has grown to a top leader in the field of producing, distributing and marketing cement, ready mix concrete, aggregates and building related materials nearly all over the world. The company has annually 97 million metric tonnes cement production capacity, 54 million cubic metres of ready mix concrete and 168 million metric tonnes of aggregates production capacity (Kotler, 2001; Cemex.com, 2011). To provide the best products to its customers it is using local markets knowledge, combining it with the international networks and thoroughly satisfying the customers by providing integrated offering which are more reliable, of higher quality and consistent. The company has applied IT and e business ideology to gain and integrate worldwide knowledge on products, operations and customers and this has helped it a lot to provide the customers what they needed and use this knowledge for the global operations. The compa nys business model is based on the following principles: Focus on its core business of cement, ready mix concrete and aggregates Effective allocation of the capital Improving the operating efficiency and productivity continuously. Providing the customers with the best value propositions and satisfies their needs to the optimum. (Kotler, 2001) Along with these principles the dual branding strategy and acquisitions and mergers with the different local brands are helping the company to grow its empire all over the world. B2B relationship of the company: For maintaining the strong relationships with the business customers, the company is following dual branding strategy which means different local brands are operating under parent or umbrella brand. This is done to expand the business operations to the other nations and improving the brand image. The dual branding of the Cemex includes: 1. Transnational brand: this brand operates in different countries uniquely in accordance with the local market; the offerings and the operations are customized to fulfil the local conditions. Along with the local brand the main corporate brand is also advertised to make it familiar to the business consumers or the end users. (Kotler, 2001)But as it is said that it is very critical for the individual brand to cope up with the corporate brand as it is the strong brand having positive perception in the consumers mind if the individual brand fails to serve the consumers as its corporate brand then can harm the image of the main brand also. For this reason, Cemex first all work to make the individual brand or the subsidiary company successful and in accordance with the vision and mission of the corporate brand and if it is so then renamed it with the Cemex brand. For example: Cemex Thailand was bought in 2001 but renamed in 2002 after proper reconstruction and reorganisation and Cemex Sp ain in 2002 after refurbishing and making it quite successful. (Kotler, 2001) 2. Corporate brand: The corporate brand covers all the products and services offered by the company representing the corporate vision, personality and value in all its offering. Under this umbrella brand, other sub brands and individual brands are established and operated.(Esch, Tomczak, Kernstock Lengner, 2004) The prestigious brand name has an equity associated with it serving as a intangible asset for the company to leverage it.(Roll M., 2005) The main corporate brand is Cemex under whose name the main products of the company are sold. The company Cemex is rapidly growing in the cement industry across the world. It is operating in the countries like Mexico, Spain, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Venezuela and many Asian nations. (www.cemex.com, 2010) Cement market has growth potential in these countries as they need regular infrastructure and reconstruction carried out by the governments or the local contractors. Here the brand Cemex is sold in the bags not the cement, as the brand na me is associated with the strength, durability, prestige and stability distinguishing Cemex from the other cement. Along with the brand the promise to provide the customers the best value has enhanced the customer loyalty towards the brand serving as an intangible asset in such volatile economies and providing competitive edge to the company. 3. The core values of the company serving the business customers as under: Collaborations: Cemex operates its B2B relations through strong collaborations with the distributors, suppliers and the stakeholders. It licenses the brand to its distributors such as Consturama in Latin America, other than this it also offers competitive prices, training, best industry practise and marketing support with a view to build a smart world with all its collaborators and become a successful and competitive company with a positive impact on the world. (www.cemex.com,2010; Kotler, 2001) http://www.cemex.com/su/Su_lp.aspx For the successful collaborations with the distributors the company has made 3 commitments: 3.1.1 Competitiveness: Cemex believes in running business by increasing its competitiveness through improved operational efficiency, innovative products with high standards as demanded and liked by the customers. Impact reduction: Cemex is basically a cement company dealing in concrete, aggregates and other building stuffs which are more likely to be dangerous if not handled safely. Company strives to minimize the risks of fatalities at work place, noise pollution, air pollution etc to put a positive impact on the world. Stakeholders outreach: company deals with number of stakeholders such as employees, suppliers, customers and neighbours and always tries to manage good relations with them through training programs, dialog sessions, meetings and online services etc. This helps in overcoming the challenges faced for building strong relationship with the stakeholders. (www.cemex.com, 2011) Integrity: for leveraging the brand equity and making it a prestigious brand, the company is also engaged in social activities such as Patrimonio Hoy (www.cemex.com,2010, Letelier, Flores, Spinosa, 2003) which provides housing solutions to the low income families, using alternative sources of fuels to reduce carbon emission and making the world green such as Eurus, a wind farm project, supplying 25% of the energy needed by the plant in Mexico etc. Such activities makes the brand more familiar to the general public and their desire for the brand tend the suppliers and contractors to associate with the company increasing firms efficiency and profitability. Leadership: By integrating IT knowledge with its global operations, Cemex has strengthened its position for the global leader in the cement industry and acquisition of RMC has smoothed its path for success. The continuous feedback from the customers helps in regular improvement of the services, simplified business transactions and access to real time account has helped the company to improve its relationship. ( Kotler,2001) Cemex Capital: To enhance and improve customer relationships the company has launched a financial assistance body known as Cemex Capital, it is a credit branch of the company providing financial support to the business customers and partners. The assistance can be in form of credit for buying the products, to finance the working capital and allotting loans for construction projects. Besides this the loans are offered at the rates lower than the markets. Critical evaluation of the B2B relationships strategy of Cemex: The world leader Cemex in the cement industry has adopted dual branding strategy for managing business relationship. The corporate brand is associated with the reliability, stability and strength and the national brands are according to the local markets need fulfilling their unique needs and emotionally attached with the customers. The corporate brand has its brand equity providing value addition to the product and enhances consumers perception for the brand. ( Aaker, 1991; Keller, 1993; Bendixen et al, 2004). But at the same time, all the products under the umbrella brand are expected to be as good as the main product and deliver the promise made by the company, to provide the best quality to the consumers. The mergers acquisitions and collaborations with the stakeholders subsidiaries need deliberate efforts to amalgamate with the international brand, having its own corporate abilities, styles and reputation. (Lambkin, 2009)Before rebranding any local subsidiary, proper reconstru ction and reorganisation is done, the managers run a focus group activity and commercial team effort to establish the local brand with the corporate brand. If the company fails to properly communicate with the new stakeholders, employees and integrate the corporate culture (Balmer Dinnie, 1999; Krishnan et al., 2007) than can cause decline in service quality (Urban Pratt, 2000) and also lacks the competition in the outer world. (Reichheld Henske, 1991). So, it is necessary for the company to leverage its brand equity with proper amalgamation and rebranding policy to avoid any negative consequences in the business. Conclusion and recommendations: We can conclude that through strong corporate brand image Cemex has successfully become the worlds leader in the infrastructure industry, it is not only engaged in the supplies of the basic materials but also provide the other utilities under its brand name through a channel of the subsidiaries and individual brands operating under the umbrella brand Cemex all over the world. The strong corporate brand creation has resulted in cost efficiency and brand building advantage for the company. The individual brands allow the company to fulfil the local markets need and the corporate brand is providing an international platform to the operations of the company and maintains strong B2B links with the clients, distributors and the end users. The company is earning great success but still it is recommended that B2B branding strategy serves a better platform for managing and enhancing relationships but if done with care such as employee involvement, stakeholders knowledge and market study then it will be more successful. The company can also diversify its operation such as media, entertainment or technology for the purpose of risk reduction and using its corporate brand in these fields to get cost efficiency and more B2B relations.

The Causes of the Cold War - Post-Revisionist :: American America History

Dwight D. Eisenhower once said, "Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signified, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold but not clothed." There was never a war that this idea can be more correct applied to than the Cold War. According to noted author and Cold War historian Walter Lippman, the Cold War can be defined as a state of tension between states, which behave with great distrust and hostility towards each other, but do not resort to violence. The Cold War encompasses a period from the end of the Second World War (WWII), in 1945, to the fall of the Soviet Union, in 1989. It also encompassed the Korean and Vietnam Wars and other armed conflicts in the Middle East and Africa, that, essentially, were not wars for people but instead for territories and ideologies. "Nevertheless, like its predecessors, the Cold War has been a worldwide power contest in which one expanding power has threatened to make itself predominant, and in which other powers have banded together in a defensive coalition to frustrate it---as was the case before 1815, as was the case in 1914-1918 as was the case from 1939-1945" (Halle 9). From this power contest, the Cold War erupted. In April 1945, Russian forces that had been triumphant at Stalingrad had pushed the German forces back into Germany and American and British forces that had been victorious in their invasion of Normandy did the same; they met at the Elbe River in central Germany (Lukacs 17). Europe was separated into two independent halves, one Russian occupied and the other American; from this division, the Cold War emerged. "When a power vacuum separates great powers, as one did the United States and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II, they are unlikely to fill it without bumping up against and bruising each other" (Gaddis). This 'bumping' and 'bruising' caused the tensions and hostilities that surfaced in the years following WWII. There are three doctrines examining the origins of the Cold War: Orthodox, the belief that "the intransigence of Leninist ideology, the sinister dynamics of a totalitarian society, and the madness of Stalin" (McCauley 88) caused the Cold War; Revisionist, the id ea that "American policy offered the Russians no real choice...either acquiesce to American proposals or be confronted with American power or hostility" (McCauley 90) and thus, America caused the war; and the

Chapter 8 Solve This Problem Essay

Choose from the list of problem scenarios below. Using the steps involved in problem solving that were discussed in this chapter, describe how you would go about solving this problem. 1. Mrs. Smith’s daycare provider is closing in four weeks. Both Mr. and Mrs. Smith work full-time during the day and need daycare for their child. They have only a short period of time, however, to find a new, safe, reliable daycare provider. : I would start looking or asking people where they take their children and maybe take a look at thier daycare and see how it works out for me. Also if I didn’t find a daycare within the short time of period I would quit my job for that short time that daycare is close and look after my children/ child until the daycare re-opens up again. 2. Tim is planning a summer vacation for his family of five to Disney World in Florida. He lives in Pennsylvania and is trying to figure out whether it could be more cost effective to drive to Florida or to fly there .: I think flying and driving to florida would be less cost effective but at the same time I’m thinking flying would be the less cost effective because you can buy 5 round trips: one that takes you and brings you back with one airplane ticket. Because if you drive you’d have to stop for gas and food for the road-trip and it would cost more. 3. Sarah has a 20-page paper due in six weeks and has not yet started to work on it. She is feeling overwhelmed, because she works a full-time job during the day and has three children at home in the evening. She knows she should started working soon on the paper but is not sure where to begin.: Between the children and the job and I’d start working on it little by little on my free times I have and if I finish before the six weeks I would revise it and made it better. 4. Mr. Jones’s parents are growing older and are finding that they can no longer live in their big three-bedroom house. They want to sell their home and move to either a smaller house, a retirement community, or an assisted-living facility. Mr. and Mrs. Jones said they would help his parents find an appropriate place to live but are not sure where to begin. I would look at my budget and start narrowing down the houses that are out of my range. Also I would look at rooms the house has and look at the neighbor until I find the house that has 1-2 rooms and is between my budget and also  the neighbhood. 5. Sally found out through a friend that her current boyfriend has been cheating on her with another woman. She is very distraught and is not sure what to do about the situation. :I would talk to him and if he lied I would of break-up and move on with my life, but also I would need to have proof if he was cheating or hire a detective to follow him to all the places he went to. Because sometimes friends lie to see you down, and sad and maybe their the other woman that your boyfriend is seeing. Activity Handout 7.2 How Do You Think This Invention Came About? Think of an invention such as television, the electric razor, the toaster, or the blender and describe how you think this invention came about. Discuss the various steps involved in creative thinking that were outlined in this chapter. Originality- seeing unique or different solutions to a problem (After noting that electricity passing through a conductor produces a glowing red or white heat, Edison imagined using this light for pratical uses. ) Fluency- Generating a large numbers pf possible solutions (Edison tried literally hundreds of different materials to find one that would heat to the point of glowing white heat without burning up.) Flexibility- Shifting with ease from one type of problem-solving strategy to another (When he couldn’t find a long-lasting material Edison tried heating it in a vaccum- thereby creating the first lightbulb.) Activity Handout 7.3 Which Type of Intelligence Is It? Read through the scenarios below and identify what type of intelligence—analytical, creative, practical, verbal, mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, or naturalist—you think the individual has. 1. John spent years trying to come up with a solution to how to water a Christmas tree without having to do it himself every day. Type of Intelligence: Naturalistic 2. Susan has always been interested in building things. At a young age, she built model airplanes with great enthusiasm. She went to college and graduate school and earned a degree in architecture. She is now the CEO of her own architectural firm. Type of Intelligence: Spatial 3. Jim started taking ballroom dancing classes as a child. He became the Younger U.S. Champion at age 12, has continued dancing, and is now competing for the World Champion title. BopType of Intelligence: Bodily/Kinesthetic 4. Lee Ann Rimes earned her first Academy of Country Music Award at the young age of 12. She has sold millions of albums and continues to hit the charts with top-selling records. Type of Intelligence: Musical 5. Cecil wrote his first novel at the age of 16 and, just recently, his third novel made the New York Times best-seller list. Type of Intelligence: Linguistic 6. Jane has always loved working through math problems and excelled in her math classes. She can work through sudoku puzzles in little time and finds math very challenging. She is the senior accountant at her accounting firm. Type of Intelligence: Logic/Mathematical 7. Jeremy has always had a green thumb. He grew up on a tree farm and learned at a young age about plants and flowers. He went on to earn a graduate degree in the agricultural sciences and recently found a way to cross-pollinate watermelons with cantaloupes to make a delicious new fruit. Type of Intelligence: Naturalist Activity Handout 7.4 The Structure of Language List five examples of structures of language. Use the various language structures discussed in this chapter. Prelinguistic Stage – Birth to 12 months Crying ( reflexive in newborns) becomes more purposeful Examples: Hunger Cry, anger cry, pain cry Cooing (vowel-like sounds) (2-3 months) â€Å"ooooh,† â€Å"aaaah† Babbling (consonants added) (4-6 months) â€Å"bahbahbah,† â€Å"dahdahdah† Linguistic Stage – 12 months to 5 years Babbling resembles language of the environment, and child understands sounds relate to meaning Speech consists of one-word utterances – â€Å"Mama,† â€Å"juice,† â€Å"Daddy,† â€Å"up† Expressive ability more than doubles once child joins words into short places – â€Å"Daddy milk,† â€Å"no night-night!† Overtension(using words to include objects that do not fit the word’s meaning) – all men = â€Å"Daddy† all furry animals = doggy Telegraphic speech(like telegrams, omits nonessential connecting words) – â€Å"Me want cookie† â€Å"Grandma go bye-bye?† Vocabulary increases at a phenomenal rate.  Child acquires wide variety of grammar rules – adding -ed for past tense adding s to form plurals Overgeneralization(applying basic rules of grammar even to cases that are exceptions to the rule) – â€Å"I goed to the zoo† † Two mans†