Law 421 Week 2

Role and Functions of Law Paper Amber Freetage Law/421 November 19, 2012 Eric Nord No matter where we are in our country, we are surrounded by many of them, and guarded by few. Some are short; some are long but no matter what they control every potential move we make day in and day out. We are talking about laws. By definition laws are, â€Å"a rule or set of rules, enforceable by the courts, regulating the government of a state, the relationship between the organs of government and the subjects of the state, and the relationship or conduct of subjects towards each other,† (Law.N. d. ). Over the years, our laws have changed and been added to in order to protect not only us as individuals but our businesses as well. Even though there have been limits placed by the U. S. Supreme Court, our Congress still exercises very broad powers to pass laws where the activity being regulated affects interstate commerce in any way (Chapter Two. P. 32). they have the authority to maintain chan nels of interstate commerce, the instrumentalities of interstate commerce, and the articles moving in interstate commerce.For our business’ this means that the Congress gets to have control or at least the final say with any involvement with vehicles used in shipping, our railways, and our beloved highways. Meaning any business transactions that are from state to state or across country the Congress can step in and change things to accommodate the law. For our business’ that rely on tourists, which many of our ocean front city’s do, it means that the cost for being open, staying open, and selling prices of items may be affected.This is true because Congress has the power to tax the citizenry and to spend the federal government’s money in any way that they see fit, as long as it generates common defense and general welfare. Another use of commerce power is within the Civil Rights Legislation. This commerce power is one that has affected our businesses, sch ools, and everyday lives because it gave Congress the power to ban any form of discrimination in places of public use (hotels, restaurants, stores).Placing this ban against discrimination allowed everyone the chance to shop, stay, work, and eat wherever they chose because those businesses made purchases or held business activity out of state. â€Å"States often wish to regulate commerce that crosses into their state borders. States are free to regulate commerce so long as (1) it does not impose a discriminatory law (such as a tax) on out-of-state businesses, and (2) the state law is a legitimate effort to regulate health, safety, and welfare,† (Chapter Two. P. 35)While we cannot go into deep detail of every law that regulates and mandates us to maintain a strict lifestyle or to keep a legit business’s doors open it is very important that laws are taken seriously so that lawsuits are prevented and as individuals, we are not put behind bars. While laws can be hard to und erstand, the ones that pertain to us as people are known or learned from experience or from our teachings. As a business owner take the time to know what guidelines we must follow in order to keep our job.In a previous employment position, knowing the laws came to be very informative. Federal laws are set to every state and no one can change them, except for the President, or Congress if all in agreement or high votes, but get to know the state laws where you reside. In a previous occupation, learning the laws became much easier when pointed in the right direction. As a full time employee, working no less than eight hours a day it became very apparent that I should be entitled to a break of some sort, but was not given one.After a few other employees started to mention this as well, we began to look into what we were supposed to be given as a break. To our surprise in an eight-hour day we should be given no less than a thirty minute break for lunch and two ten minute breaks to use t hroughout the day, according to the State work laws. However, when we looked through our employee handbook, breaks are not mentioned at all. When we asked management about the issue we were told, â€Å"Your breaks are in between customers. A little extreme but okay so we kept asking and we found out that since North Carolina is a right to work state there is nothing we can do but work as we are scheduled without breaks or be in fear of losing our job all together. So, you see laws are very important to learn and keep up with because you can be getting taken advantage of without even knowing what you are entitled. References Chapter Two: Business and the Constitution (p. 32-35). (n. d. ). Retrieved November 19, 2012 Law. (n. d. ). Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved November 19, 2012, from Dictionary. com

Social Norms Essay

Social norms are rules of certain kind of behavior that society uses to evaluate the population and provides normalcy. When it comes to responding to the breaking of social norms people have different ways to cope or react to it. Some reactions can be pleasant, some could be horrible or even judgmental. Some people believe breaking a social norm could be needed to help govern or control the society. On the other hand others believe breaking social norms are un-normal and that no one should break those rules. There are so many social norms that sometimes it feels impossible not to break any. Many social norms like walking on the wrong side of the sidewalk, talking to yourself in public, or even not wearing the same clothes everyone else thinks is cool could be a tremendous norm broken in today’s young society. An everyday norm would be wearing a clean shirt, but when you break that norm by not wearing a clean shirt, it was a drastic shock to the people that are stuck in the soc ieties mold. What if wearing a stained shirt was the normal thing to do for a certain person or group of persons? Are the people stuck in societies mold wrong for thinking their norm is correct? There really is no wrong or right answer to those questions because my normal way of looking at things may not be the same as the next persons. When doing my experiment of â€Å"breaking the social norm† by wearing a stained t-shirt I wasn’t really sure what to expect from most people, especially from the strangers. Most reactions I planned on receiving were all negative, let’s face the facts if you’re not up to par with society then you’re bound to get looked down on or belittled. The negative results outweigh the positive any day but there were positive and helpful reactions. I was really baffled from some of the positive reactions because I wasn’t expecting them. Some people reacted in a very stereotypical way that most in society would have react ed. My first reaction took place in the local Wal-Mart. As I walked into the store on February 26, 2014 around Five-thirty, I walked passed many gazing eyes that seemed to have confused looks on their faces. Well the stain made me feel like a target with an X in the middle. The feeling of being stared at I was certainly ready for. Just like in chapter one the sociological imagination connects to the personal troubles of public issues, which in this case my shirt was the public issues and norm I broke. People’s first reaction was to talk about me as I passed them. For example, one man about six feet tall, white, and stalky asked his wife â€Å"if I was blind and didn’t see the big stain on my shirt†. His reaction was a norm in itself. Peoples normal reaction when they see something that’s not normal is to gossip or talk about one another. My second reaction or run in happened in Wal-Mart also the same day. I walked into the milk department a young African American lady about five feet tall, long hair, and employee at Wal-Mart. She stared for a second and started to giggle as she giggled I tried to keep a straight face but at the same time I laughed a little bit myself. In her words she then asked me† if I knew that I had a hideous looking stain on my shirt†? I then replied with a shocking what are you talking about and kept walking. As I left the store there were still those gazing eyes as if I was a killer or some sort of illegal object. My first reactions to the people’s opinions in Wal-Mart were mutual. I went in already knowing people were going to talk about me behind my back so I didn’t really take the talking about me to heart. The situation with the young lady by the milk was a much unexpected reaction if you asked me. I’ve never had anyone I didn’t know really laugh at me in my face because of my physical traits or clothing. I feel that the man with his wife should have let me know something if he really wanted to help me out about getting the stained shirt cleaned up. Someone who wants to help to fix a problem will be very truthful with you but that’s only if they truly want to help. Another reaction happened in my neighborhood on February 28, 2014 around six o’clock. My neighbor and older man about sixty years old thought had been kicked out my home and was physically hurt. He didn’t say anything to me as I walked passed his house a few times until the last time I walked by he asked â€Å"if I needed him to call 911†. Now I was truly shocked at these accusations from the man because I never thought anyone really mistake the stain as blood. My reaction to the man’s comments were very brief because I didn’t want to give away that it wasn’t real. I just let him know that I was fine and didn’t need anything. I walked to a local 7-11 also to see people’s reaction that was familiar with my face. Some people even offered me money during this part of this test. As I sat on the ledge next to the store many people walked by with very disordered faces as if they saw a ghost. A young girl maybe 14 years of age walked up to me and offered me money and a sandwich which really made have a confused look on my face. I knew I wasn’t poor or homeless but the stain and the disorder of my outfit made the young girl feel bad for me as if I was homeless. I was shocked but then again I wasn’t because most people do stereotype against others sitting outside of a store with nasty looking clothes. So I didn’t really take the charity to heart but I didn’t accept the money either. While experimenting on breaking social norms I had reacted different on every occasion and I received some sort of different reactions from all of these strangers. I didn’t agree on all of the reactions but I had to suck it up knowing those were normal everyday reactions from people. The live reactions all connected in some way to the previous chapters and notes that were reviewed in class. The reaction from the young girl giving me money connects to people being stereotypical. Sociological Perspective connects to all of the people who reacted to my stain because sociological Perspective is the social contexts in which we all live in. Sociologist C Wright Mills stated that â€Å"sociological perspective allows us to gasp the connection between history and biography†. (Wright 1959: 4, 5-7). Which means that each society is located in a broad stream of events. Which means that each society has its own characteristics. Wearing clean clothes and walking on the right side of the sidewalk would be our characteristic here in America. This connects back to how me wearing a stained shirt is not history that us human beings are used to. You can compare many broken social norms and different reactions all day but can we honestly say that every reaction will be the same? No I don’t think everyone will be the same but most will be the same because that’s just how our society works. Breaking social norms can be done and usually is done every day by people but we just have to keep pushing to be better and understand. Social norms are created to mold society and how people live in the society. Remember social norms don’t make or create people it just creates a better or worst environment around you and your peers. .

Cancer is a major burden of disease in the world

Cancer is a major burden of disease in the world A term of cancer can define as diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymphatic systems. There are several types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukaemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord also called malignancy. Cancer is a major burden of disease in the world. Each year, tens of millions of people are diagnosed with cancer around the world, and more than half of the patients eventually die from it. In many countries, cancer ranks the second most common cause of death following cardiovascular diseases. As elderly people are most susceptible to cancer and population aging continues in many countries, cancer will remain a major health problem around the globe. (national cancer institiute, 2016) It is usually not possible to know exactly why one person develops cancer and another doesn’t. But research has shown that certain risk factors may increase a person’s chances of developing cancer. Diet, Obesity, Tobacco and disease screening are important lifestyle practices that increase cancer risk, Cancer harms the body when altered cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of tissue called tumours (except in the case of leukaemia where cancer prohibits normal blood function by abnormal cell division in the blood stream). Tumours can grow and interfere with the digestive, nervous, and circulatory systems, and they can release hormones that alter body function. Tumours that stay in one spot and demonstrate limited growth are generally considered to be benign. More dangerous, or malignant, tumours form when two things occur: A cancerous cell manages to move throughout the body using the blood or lymphatic systems, destroying healthy tissue in a process called invasion That cell manages to divide and grow, making new blood vessels to feed itself in a process called angiogenesis. When a tumor successfully spreads to other parts of the body and grows, invading and destroying other healthy tissues, it is said to have metastasized. This process itself is called metastasis, and the result is a serious condition that is very difficult to treat. There are some general signs and symptoms associated with cancer. They are fatigue, lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin, weight changes including unintended loss or gain, skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness of the skin, sores that wont heal, or changes to existing moles, changes in bowel or bladder habits, persistent cough or trouble breathing, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating, persistent unexplained muscle or joint pain, persistent, unexplained fevers or night sweats. Cells can experience uncontrolled growth if there are mutations to DNA, and therefore, alterations to the genes involved in cell division. The DNA inside a cell is packaged into a large number of individual genes, each of which contains a set of instructions telling the cell what functions to perform. Not only that but also it tells how to grow and divide. Errors in the instructions can cause the cell to stop its normal function and may allow a cell to become cancer. Four key types of gene are responsible for the cell division process: oncogenes tell cells when to divide, tumor suppressor genes tell cells when not to divide, suicide genes control apoptosis and tell the cell to kill itself if something goes wrong, and DNA-repair genes instruct a cell to repair damaged DNA. Cancer occurs when a cells gene mutations make the cell unable to correct DNA damage and unable to commit suicide. Similarly, cancer is a result of mutations that inhibit oncogene and tumor suppressor gene function, leading to uncontrollable cell growth.A gene mutation can instruct a healthy cell to these things. They are allowing rapid growth, fail to stop uncontrolled cell growth, make mistake when repairing DNA errors. Allow rapid growth means a gene mutation can tell a cell to grow and divide more rapidly. This generate many new cells that all have that same mutation. Fail to stop uncontrolled cell growth means normal cells know when to stop growing. Therefore, we have just the right number of each type of cell. Cancer cells lose the controls. It tells them when to stop growing. A mutation in a tumour suppressor gene.

Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Business Environment - Essay Example The UK has a rising level of its output being exported across borders and overseas and it is an open economy (Holden et al, 1995, p.44). It is at present number eight as the largest exporter in the world for goods and number two in being the largest exporter for services. It also has highest ratio of outward as well as inward investment to the GDP among any of the leading economies in the terms of capital flow. Inevitably the pattern as well as the balance of trade of goods and services changes over the time, this is reflection of movement in the relative prices of different traded goods as well as the shifts in the comparative advantage in various global markets. Other factors that affect the trade pattern are decisions of foreign investment of the UK as well as overseas companies and economic development and growth of countries, regions etc. Major part of UK’s trade of goods and services is carried with the countries that are part of European Union. Since UK became a part of EEC in January, 1973 there has been long term shift in its trade with the European Union. The trade growth has been pushed by single market; this has led to trade diversion and the trade creation effects (Aylott, 2007, p.4) Trade of UK with the countries in North American region has declined, although the U.S still is the largest single market for exported UK goods after EU (Great Britain Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2011) , comprising of 15% of the total exports of UK. Over the previous 15 years trade with the countries that are oil exporters has declined in its relative importance. In the year 1979 percentage of UK’s exports which went to these countries was 10%, which is now only a small percentage of a little over 3%. Apart from the exports the imports from this oil exporting countries has also fallen. Another important change in UK’s pattern regarding trade in geographical sense is its rising share of trade with the fast growing and emerging ec onomies in Asian region. These include Malaysia, China, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore and Taiwan. The rate of growth in Indian economy is also probable to help boosting exports to sub-continent in future years; this provides businesses in the UK to grab export opportunities in this region. Analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organisations International trade is crucial for the UK, like any other country. If the UK did not participate in international trade, it would not be able to acquire many different materials that are needed to produce products that are used every day, especially concerning food industry. Cold climate in UK makes it rely on other countries with hotter climate to import fruits like mangoes and bananas which don’t grow domestically, similarly the countries with hot climate rely on countries like UK for vegetables like potatoes to import (in UK’s case, export). If international trade did not exist people in UK and everywhere else ac ross the globe will have very limited choices, and business will not have enough markets to expand. There are various global factors that would affect the business

Improving Americas Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Improving Americas Internet - Essay Example Resources such as pole attachment and right-of-way are controlled and managed by the government. If this resources were managed effectively, the costs incurred by firms can be greatly reduced as well as foster competition and investment. The job can be broken into tasks to ensure that it is implemented effectively. The first task is to pass the laws and rules that will foster competition in the congress. This can be done within a duration of six months. The next is to free more spectrum, the spectrum will be released in bits such freeing the whole of the spectrum at once can’t be effective due to economic issues. Fiscal policies should be introduced to make sure that the infrastructure costa are reduced. Research and development fund should be increased from the current value that the federal government has. The FCC should quickly print a timetable of actions to implement plan recommendations within its authority, publish an evaluation of plan progress and effectiveness as part of the annual Section 706 Advanced Services Inquiry, create a Broadband Data Depository and continue to utilize Broadband.gov as a public resource for broadband information. It will also be very prudent to keep reviewing the broadband since it evolves from time to time. The collection of data in will be very helpful to make sure that there is track of the implementation stage. The FCC should publish a Broadband Performance Dashboard with metrics designed to track broadband plan goals. Publishing the performance will act as an indicator of how the broadband is functioning. A method that will help the stakeholders analyze any

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study Example S G Cowen already has with them associates who had joined the firm as interns when they were in their first or second year in a business school. These associates had joined the firm in the break between their first and second years in their business schools and were offered full time employment as they completed their internship that started the following summer. Some other associates had never been to a business school but had served as interns in the firm for three years and were promoted as first year associates after they completed their internship. Very often officials of S G Cowen conduct ‘informational interviews’ prior to the actual formal process to gauge the level of seriousness and intent of the prospective candidates. Though this is essentially an informal process it helps the firm to focus on serious candidates and thus reduces unnecessary efforts on those that are genuinely not interested and have appeared just for the sake of appearing. It must be mentione d that prospective candidates have to appear for these informal interviews at their own expense thus automatically segregating those that were seriously interested from those that are rather casual about the whole process. S G Cowen also appointed ‘group captains’ or contact persons at every core business school to ensure students always had someone through whom they would be able to remain in constant contact with the firm. These contact persons are seldom ever from human resource department. Rather, they are professional investment bankers with long years of service with the firm. These people served the twin purposes of locating best possible candidates who would be able to seamlessly merge with the company and also attracting students who though interested in investment banking but are not quite sure as to which firm they would join. So, a contact person available whenever needed would surely be a great motivating factor. S G Cowen also initially concentrated only o n the top ten business schools. That resulted in often recruiting middle rankers in those schools. So they decided to go to other business schools too where they were able to recruit toppers of those schools. After all a business firm is interested in talent and should not be that much bothered about where they had studied. The company prefaced their recruitment process with a presentation where they clarified who they were, what they did and what distinguished them from other competing recruiters. All the while the company underscored the uniqueness of boutique bankers in that they had a flatter hierarchy than other large scale banks that not only permitted better exposure and interaction with clients but also better opportunities of career advancement. The firm conducts interviews based on both the resumes it has shortlisted and also holds an open session where students enrolled depending on their interest. This also allows them to have a larger pool of prospective candidates and hence the probability of getting better associates. What is your evaluation of the criteria used by this organization in

Proposal Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Proposal Design - Essay Example You may give, for those outside of your particular range of ability, an official rundown written in non-specialized dialect. Either you may incorporate a glossary of terms that clarifies specialized dialect use in the group of the proposition and append addendums that explain specialized data in by and large comprehended dialect. A statistical hypothesis is a logical hypothesis that is testable on the premise of observing a process that is being displayed through a situated of irregular variables. A factual theory test is a strategy for accurate deduction utilized for testing a reasonable speculation. A hypothesis contrasts with research question; it is more particular and makes an expectation. It is a conditional proclamation two or more variables are being related to each other. The significant distinction between an examination inquiry and a speculation is that a research predicts an exploratory result. A test outcome is called statistically significant on the off chance that it has been anticipated as unrealistic to have happened through sampling error only, as indicated by edge likelihood the criticalness level. Speculation tests are being utilized as a part of figuring out what results of a study would prompt a dismissal of the null theory for a pre-specified level of centrality. In the Neyman-Pearson structure (see beneath), the procedure of recognizing the invalid theory and the alternative hypothesis is helped by distinguishing two calculated sorts of blunders (sort 1 & sort 2). And by indicating parametric points of confinement on e.g. the amount of kind one lap will be allowed (Lai & Calandra, 2007). An option structure for factual theory testing is to indicate a situated of measurable models, one for every applicant speculation, and afterward utilize design choice procedures to pick the most suitable model. The most widely recognized determination strategies

The analysis of social and environmental sustainability against Essay

The analysis of social and environmental sustainability against financial sustainability - Essay Example This paper is focused on how the social and environmental sustainability differ from the financial sustainability and its impact on the way a company operates. It covers the challenges faced by the corporate firms to resolve the differences and the future implications of the reconciliation. The paper covers the details of the topic of discussion with real life example of corporate firms and it also discusses the theoretical framework in which the models of sustainability are based on. The social and environmental sustainability is to ensure that the society and its environment are not being affected by the business operations of the organizations. In order to achieve social and environmental sustainability, the company needs to make sure that all of its operations are following the required environmental standards and are adding value for the society. According to the reports of Colantonio (2009), there should be equal priority given to the social, environmental and economic sustainability. It has been mentioned that the social sustainability is one of the emerging issues of the contemporary business environment. With the increase in competitiveness in the business market along with the rise in population and decreasing natural resources, it has become imperative for the organizations to deal with certain sociological issues. Widok (2009) have mentioned that apart from the social and environmental sustainability challenges faced by the firms, they also face chall enges on the grounds of reporting on sustainability. It has been mentioned in his studies that reporting on sustainability activities has always been superficial in nature. Even though several organizations report that they conform to the standardized norms of the globally accepted sustainability practices, but the lack of detailed reporting has made them more lenient in its implementation. Moreover,

Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Engineering - Essay Example The first smartphone in the United States was the Kyocera 6035, which was launched by Palm, Inc. in the year 2001 (Cross & Szostak, 2004). Since then, the smartphone technology has swiftly grown to encompass iPhones and Samsung galaxies among others. In the context of my grandparent’s lifetime, a significant technological innovation is the development of laptops. The emergence of the computer marked a cultural, social, economic, and political change. Every aspect of society began to experience computerization, with businesses becoming more effective and efficient. Computer use at a personal level was not overlooked. Desktops were complemented by laptops, allowing mobile use of computers. Computer development further took business needs into consideration, linking individual and organizational use of computers. The occurrence of laptops into the picture paved way for continued technological progress. Commercialized use of laptops was realized back in the 1970s when IBM launched its IBM 5100 (Cross & Szostak, 2004). The impact of this technological development is applied in almost every available aspect of the society. Laptops made it easier for people to keep records, store information, and even communicate. The laptop era led to the emergence of diverse use of internet all over the world. The laptop era became the source of many other technological breakthroughs. The transport sector has undergone substantial growth and development right from the 19th century. The period prior to 1900 realized a technological innovation relative to automobile development. Germany became the source of automobile technology back in the 1870s when the first four-stroke internal combustion engine was created by Nicolaus Otto (Cross & Szostak, 2004). What followed were progressive improvements to this engine and automobiles in general. The process finally ushered in the electric

Social Organized Crime Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Organized Crime Perspective - Essay Example They also operate through a hierarchical-based relationship. The paper explores some of the speculative and empirical theories that explain organized crime and their criminal behavior in terms of a social institution. Alien Conspiracy Theory According to this theory, outside influences are responsible for the organized crime to prevail in US society. Ethnicity is in the basis of alien conspiracy theory of the organized crime. Haller (1990) argues that organized crimes largely succeed forming lucrative partnerships based on common needs and rational business decisions. Alien conspiracy theory states that Sicilian immigrants are largely responsible in giving a shape to the US organized crime. Though many disagree with this and put forward their argument that even before the significant Italian immigration during late nineteenth century and thereafter, crime organizations did function in most of the US city. Italian mafias only exploited the situation to their advantage and augmented th e crime horizons (Shanty, 2008). Culture Deviance Theory Usually lower-class people violate the law due to their unique culture that is in conflict with the culture of the upper class and all criminal laws are formulated keeping upper class in focus. The lower-class life-style usually rejects government authority. It is easy for them to fall in trap of thieves, drug dealers, and law-breakers. Culture deviance theory suggests that when conventional lawful ways are blocked, it is obvious for youth belonging to the lower-class to get attracted and become a part of an organized crime group (Lyman &Potter 2007). Rational Choice Theory Classical school of criminology developed rational choice theory. According to this theory, people have free will and can take their decisions rationally. Ditto applies to the organized criminals who guided by their free will willingly choose crime activities. This theory proposes that every criminal fully knows about the risk and rewards associated to thei r wrongdoings. As they are aware about the financial benefits so they also know about the level of punishment that will be meted to them in the event they are trapped or captured. Conversely, those who do not commit crime decide so because they do not find it worth the benefits. The criminals rationally think about their likely success or failure rates for doing a particular crime and accordingly they plunge into the act (Lyman &Potter 2007). Socialization Process in Illegitimate Businesses Five major community functions such as socialization, production-distribution-consumption; mutual support; social participation and social control have been identified to understand organized crime as a social institution (Lyman &Potter 2007). The existence of organized crime depends on production-distribution-consumption dynamics of the community. The existence of organized crimes emerges from the failure of legitimate market to serve huge consumer population. In that sense, there is a great sim ilarity between legitimate and illegitimate businesses. Organized crime has a good interfacing with the community as they provide assistance to the community and at the same time take advantage of opportunities that are available. Organized crime devises roles for themselves in production-distribution-consumption function of the society. The gaps in community functions make a way for organized crime to exist and flourish. That is how the legal and illegal business activities functions side by side. Thus, organized crime becomes an instrument in socializing its

Giant Panda and Wildlife Conservation Essay Example for Free

Giant Panda and Wildlife Conservation Essay Wildlife conservation is the most important things in the world. And people have made a lot of progress in this field. In wildlife conservation, people try their best to protect endangered plants and animals, as well as their habitats. The purpose is to make sure that future generations will have enough space to survive and develop well. Countries all over the world have different agencies for wildlife conservation and plenty of nonprofit organizations also take part in the process of this activity. Various kinds of subjects are involved in the process of wildlife conservation. For example, people must use the knowledge in the field of biology and other sciences to recognize the species that are in danger, and to study those species to learn more about their needs. Economics is also involved in wildlife conservation, because the conservationists are trying to find out the most efficient solutions. Apart from these, the protection of wildlife also depends on education very much, using different methods to teach people about the importance of animal habitat conservation. However, the Earth is warming, and humans are using more water than ever before. It is important to know how people save wildlife around the world especially conservation in China, the U. S . and then when happens after conservation especially the governments role in the process to protect wildlife, as well as the effects of these measures. Conservation in China China has a vast variety of species, with the number of mammal species ranking second all over the world. In terms of reptiles and amphibians, China’s ranks are the fourth and sixth respectively. Although China only ranks eighth when it comes to its bird species, there are still about 1,244 types of birds in this country. A lot of these bird species are native to China, and that is why China has the responsibility to protect their future existence. There are sixteen primate species living in China. However, in the northern part of the tropical area, China has precious species such as the Sichuan golden monkey, which can also be found in Hubei as well as Sichuan provinces, and the Yunnan golden monkey, which lives in high-latitude places covered by snow of about 4,270 m. (Harris, 2007).. Golden monkeys, tigers, and pandas are rare and protected animals in China. In China, however, the most famous endangered species of wild animal is definitely the panda The panda is an endangered species of wild animals, and it can only be found in China. So people can say that panda is Chinas unique wild animal, so the protection of this animal is essential. The habitat of pandas lies in the provinces within China’s â€Å"Great Opening of the West†. The place is so fragile and unique that people can only run tourism on a small scale as the only economic activity. Therefore, it is extremely essential to create more nature reserves for the protection of pandas, even though some of them are not working effectively. If we do not pay most of the attention to allocating these areas as habitat for pandas, these places will definitely be used for producing wood and or agricultural crops. Recent survey in 2004 found that many threats including deforestation and persistent poaching interfere with the long-term survival of this endangered species. (Harris, 2007). For instance, Western development for pandas makes Chinese poachers see business opportunities and their harmful behaviors have seriously affected the survival of this precious animal. Human development has affected wildlife survival environment. Because of the population explosion and unsustainable use of natural resources, the panda habitat is also rapidly losing. Pandas adhere to living in a large area of natural forests, which can also be used for agriculture, timber and firewood. Because of Chinas dense population, many of the giant panda population is isolated in no more than 1093-1312 yards wide narrow belt of bamboo. Because of immigration, the pandas habitats are continuing to disappear. In more than 20 pandas range, there are many habitats fragmentation into isolated areas. In these areas, a network of nature reserves exist to protect more than half of the panda population. Because of the requirement for habitat, the giant panda cannot migrate, so they have lost a lot of flexibility as they are not able to find new feeding areas. (Calhoun, 2005). In China, humans’ over-exploitation of trees and the destruction of environment have also caused a large number of pandas to disappear. Moreover, China has no ability to build adequate reserves to protect the panda. Conservation in the United States America is a country with a focus on animal protection and people there treat animals as their close friends. The country of United States has a broad geographical location and there are many kinds of views in the United States, from the polar ice to tropical rain forests, from moderate rain forests to prairies, from mountain summits to desert and coral reefs. There are some places to live, comprising the most richest land on the Earth, such as the lower Mississippi River and the western salt marshes which are some of the most barren areas. Wonderful and various kinds of animals live in many places of this country, such as elk, wolverine, bison, grizzly bear, bald eagle, musk ox, caribou, wolf ,mountain lion, polar bear, and moose, which are booming in these areas. It is also the habitat of thousands of amphibians, fish, bird and reptiles. (â€Å"Wildlife Conservation Society,†n. d. ). Americans attach great importance to the protection of animals and people in the United States to give animals a lot of living space and a good natural environment. In order to ensure the survival of wildlife in the United States, people have founded a vast area of nature reserves. In terms of conservation innovation, the U. S. has a rich history. The U. S. created Yellowstone, the crown jewel of parks in 1872, establishing the concept of national parks. And then in 1932, the first International Peace Park, Glacier-Waterton National Park along the border with Canada was created. Even with a vast system of public lands which provides protection for the wild places in the country, including national parks and wilderness areas for fishing and wildlife refuges and state lands, there are still some conservation challenges caused by management activities on the public lands. Usually, more efficient private lands are a vital component of long-term success in conservation. (â€Å"Wildlife Conservation Society,†n. d. ). The Yellowstone national park is one measure to guarantee the protection of their animals, since the place gives wildlife enough living space. Yellowstone national nature reserve gave wild animals more opportunities and space. People also try their best to protect wolves in the United States. In March 2003, the U. S. fish and wildlife service issued a rule, significantly reducing federal protection for wolves and set the stage to liminate them from the endangered species act (ESA) protection completely. Until now, in terms of the recovery in the number of wolves in the 20th century, the U. S. fish and wildlife service has done a great job. People take wolves into the Yellowstone national park and central Idaho. This protection is considered by many to be one of the great achievements. (Calhoun, 2005). The United States fish and animal protection administration also obtained remarkable achievements in protecting the wolf population. After Conservation After the management of protection on animals by volunteers, the joint efforts of the China panda protection finally result. Recently, the world natural foundation has helped the Chinese government in the field of national habitats of giant panda and its protection program. This program has made significant progress: China now has 33 of the giant panda reserves, and the giant panda habitat reaches around more than 6177 square miles of area. According to a survey in 2004, there were 1600 pandas in the wild. (Calhoun, 2005). With the help of the animal protection association of America and China, multiple reserves are established. China needs more reference to the United States in protecting wild animals. Wildlife protection is the responsibility of people around the world. Chinese and Americans need to learn from each other about how to protect endangered wildlife better in the future. China should, for example, learn from the United States some new ideas of animal protection and the responsibilities of ordinary people when it comes to animal protection in the wild. Through the study of wildlife conservation concept, people in China can improve their animal protection measures, reduce cutting down trees and causing environmental damage any longer. Strengthening the reserve management and reducing the poaching practice, these measures will better protect endangered wild animals. The United States in the field of conservation philosophy occupies a leading position in the whole world. For instance, American people created Yellowstone national park and the international peace park. These huge areas provide plenty of living space for wild animals. China also has an extensive area, so there are a lot of important lessons China can learn from the United States, such as creating national parks and nature reserves in the areas which are suitable for specific kinds of animals. In the meanwhile, if necessary, China may also seek some help as well as advice from the United States. Conservationists work all over the world. To determine the species need to aid and protect them. The subject usually include animals and raise them. Capture prisoner ensure still large and diverse population at the same time environmentalists work establish territorial animals, so they can have a safe place in the field. Wildlife conservation needs also need to be balanced with other desires, because many countries value forms of entertainment like hiking in the wilderness, camping, hunting and makes it impossible to set aside land makes wild animals live. In this respect, China only attaches great importance to the development and demand of human beings. Ignored, the environment and wild animals, and other important factors.

Options And Corporate Finance Essay Example for Free

Options And Corporate Finance Essay In a perfect world, the stock price will drop by the amount of the â€Å"special one- time† dividend on the ex-dividend date. If we ignore taxes as we do in this mini- case the wealth of the shareholders doesn’t change if the company pays a special one-time dividend or not because it is reflected in the stock price. As we also saw in class that a dividend policy for a company is irrelevant since investors can convert share to cash or create their own homemade dividends payments if they prefer an income stream. In essence, paying the dividend is transferring money from the company to the shareholders but net the wealth of the shareholder stay the same due to a similar drop in the share price, but the value of the company will decrease. 2. The proposal of Jessica could go both ways, it could increase the value of the company or decrease the value, for the simple reason that we don’t have any information about leverage, the amount of debt, capital structure etc. If the company is overleveraged that will result in extra costs of financial distress, which consist of direct, indirect and agency costs. An overleveraged company goes past the optimal point and will decrease in value as you can see from the red line. If this is the case then it would be a good idea to reduce the amount of debt which results in a reduction of costs related to financial distress and invest the money in new facilities to increase the overall value of the company. If the company didn’t reach it equilibrium point than it would be a bad idea to reduce the amount of debt because it will decrease the value of the company due to the tax advantages (tax shield), so it would be better to keep the amount of debt to and maybe even increase the debt to reach the maximum company value. This are two options which can increase or decrease the value of the company. Another point could be that we don’t know about future prospect of the current technology and if there is enough demand, and if they now use their full production capacity. If not the case then it would be a bad idea to upgrade and expand, but it would be better to invest in research for new technology. 3. Nolan is correct in the sense that all three indicators will increase due to share repurchase. It will increase the P/E ratio because there are less shares available and it will reduce the denominator of both ROA and ROE which will result in an increase in both ratios. However, a share repurchase will not have any effect on the value of the company for the reasons we discussed in question 1, which is that the dividend policy is irrelevant to the value of the company and it won’t have any effect on the wealth of shareholders. 4. When a company starts with a dividend policy it gives a signal to the shareholders/investors that they are committed to distribute part of their income to their shareholders. If they would start with regular dividend payments they should be sure that they are able to continue that forever, because a reduction in dividend or if they stop paying dividend at all at a later stage will send a negative signal to the market and shareholders/investors. So, they need to make sure that they have enough cash to keep the dividend policy going. To come back to the question, I would evaluate it regarding the company’s ability to pay the dividend for an infinite time period and I they will have enough cash in the future or generate enough cash in the future to pay the dividends. 5. If the company wants to expand (and it is able to do so) the trade-off is lower dividends to their shareholders than when they are a mature company who has no growth potential than they would pay dividend. The implications of the formula are that the company should make a trade-off/decision between company growth or pay the dividend to its shareholders. To please its shareholders and to maximize the company’s value, the company should deliver the required rate of return which is wanted by the shareholders or deliver a higher return to make the shareholders happy. If the company can have a higher rate of return than wanted by the shareholders it should retain earnings to invest in the growth to increase the rate of return, when this is not possible it should pay the shareholders their dividend to give them their required rate of return. But if the company retain its earnings when the rate of return is lower than wanted by the shareholders it lowers the company’s value .

Theology Essays Familiaris Consortio

Theology Essays Familiaris Consortio In 1981, as a result of a Synod of Bishops specially devoted to further awareness of the (then) current understanding of marriage and the Christian family in the modern world, Pope John Paul II promulgated an apostolic exhortation entitled FamiliarisConsortio (On the family). The well-known biographer of John Paul II, George Weigel, claims that in private conversations held with the holy father he came to learn that the pope regarded Familiaris Consortio as one of his favorite letters he had ever written as pope to the family of God (Witness to Hope, 385). The document is a wide-ranging and broad one in terms of the sheer breadth of the content covered therein, and it is therefore hardly any wonder that a prominent Catholic encyclopedia should say of the apostolic exhortation that it is one of the most important sources for the theological meaning of the sacrament of Marriage (Stravinskas, Catholic Encyclopedia, 628). Many writers who have taken this exhortation as their springingpoint to launch into various issues, which are ancillary to marriage per se,have nevertheless been able to employ specific portions of FamiliarisConsortio, owing to its vastness of content. What we will focus on in thefollowing pages is a kind of reception of the document by Catholics (whetherclergy or laypeople) and its teachings over the more than two decades since itspromulgation. There are certainly areas of overlap among those who havecommented on the document, and these ought to be paid attention to in coming toan understanding of an authentically Roman Catholic awareness of the variousaspects of married life among Christians. Opening Observations Made in Familiaris Consortio Sectionone of the document expressly opens up the contents and applications of thedocument to a broad audience. It is written for (1) those living in fidelity tothe Churchs extant teachings and practices in the area of matrimony, (2) thosewho have become bewildered by the contemporary challenges encroaching upon thefamily, and even to (3) those who live in unjust unawareness of the freedom andhuman rights guaranteed to them to have all the fullness that marriage mightoffer. In other words, the intended audience of the document is anintrinsically ecumenical one. It is not merely addressing Catholics in goodstanding with the Church, but the holy father reaches his hand out to assisteveryone struggling with the sundry difficulties in contemporary married life.This is significant, since most prior documents, whether Casti Connubiiof Pope Pius XI, Humanae Vitae of Pope Paul VI, or even documents of theSecond Vatican Council, the intended audience has been, if not exclusively,certainly mai nly Catholics. PopeJohn Paul II notes in section six of the exhortation that the situation ofmarriage and the family in contemporary life is an ironic one in the sense thatthere are both commendable advances being made in Western culture and enormoussetbacks. It is not so simple a situation as to claim that Western culture isdoing nothing other than attacking and hindering the family and married life.Some of the good understandings reached by the contemporary Western world arethe following: an appreciation of human freedom for both sexes, a promotion ofeducation and love for children, and a promotion of the dignity of women andresponsible procreation. However, some of the setbacks against the familyshould also be noted. They include the following: the respective freedom of thespouses has been carried to an extreme sense of autonomy, the misconstructionof authority and the handing on of values with respect to the relation ofparents to their children, and the ongoing scourges of abortion, growingdivo rce rates, sterilization, and an overall contraceptive mentality. It is forthese reasons and many others besides that the Synod of Bishops met and wishedPope John Paul II to be the primary spokesperson for their conclusions reached.Everything is not well for the contemporary family, and Pope John Paul IIreasons that the family is not merely a part of an overall society(rather, it is the very foundation of all society, as we shall explore later),any attacks on its welfare must not go unanswered. Social injustices toward thefamily must be dealt with directly, and this is a primary reason for theappearance of Familiaris Consortio. Building on Prior Teaching for Fundamental Precepts Prior to the appearance of this apostolic exhortation, there hadappeared two very important documents on the nature of marriage and the family.They were the encyclical letter Humanae Vitae and an authoritativedocument coming out of the Vatican II Church Council called Lumen Gentium.Pope John Paul II, as all popes throughout history have done, takes the priorteaching on marriage and the family (especially that seen in the twentiethcentury) as his starting points on which to build. He references several timesthroughout his apostolic exhortation the encyclical Humanae Vitae (HV),especially when the content of his teaching has to do with the most explicitportions of HV on the conjugal act and contraception. Freedom Versus Autonomy There appears in this succinct encyclical Humanae Vitae a veryprofound line, which undoubtedly could be expounded upon. In section 21 of theencyclical, Pope Paul VI declares that selfishness is the enemy of true love. This recalls an earlier pointmade in our essay. John Paul II notes the dangerous tendency of contemporaryspouses to exemplify an isolationist and autonomous attitude in marriage (FC,6). In fact, for the problems listed above which are antithetical to marriageand family life, the Pope believes there is one problem most fundamentally thecause of the others. He writes, At the root of these negative phenomena therefrequently lies a corruption of the idea and the experience of freedom,conceived not as a capacity for realizing the truth of Gods plan for marriageand the family, but as an autonomous power of self-affirmation, often againstothers, for ones own selfish well-being. And if selfishness is thought to bethe enemy of true love, then any spouse acting almost exclusively in his ownself-interest is destructive toward the very bond of his marriage to hisspouse, which bond is love itself. There is an interesting irony involved in selfish individualismversus a flourishing and mutually reciprocating action of love toward anotheroutside of oneself. Whereas one would suppose that, as is often franklyadmitted, couples will tend to not want to marry because they simply want tocontinue enjoying the other person in the relationship without giving over to aserious commitment (Cf. Barbara Markey, Cohabitation: Response over Reaction).Or, further than this, some married couples will either put off childrenindefinitely or decide to not have them at all for the expressed purpose ofwishing to sexually enjoy the spouse in an uninhibited manner. The strangeconsequence though, as Pope Paul VI noted in Humanae Vitae, is that thiseventually leads to becoming overly self-centered sexually, which eventuates inman (or woman) coming to see the other as a mere instrument of selfishenjoyment and no longer as the desired companion for life (HV, 17). Cardinal Alfonso Lopez Trujillo notes that the having of a family ina natural and ordered way (such as the Church teaches couple to do) does leadto the exact opposite of selfishness and isolationism in a marriagerelationship. And this is a necessary consequence (as in, it is intrinsic innature itself) of having children. Cardinal Trujillo offers some examples thatit is the nature of family to be other-centered in even the simplest ways. Henotes, Everyone has to help everyone else in thefamily, (FC and the Family, 3). It is simply a matter of beingpractically impossible to be rapped up in oneself in the context of a familywith numerous children. The older children will have to help the younger onesat times (e.g., to put on their shoes before they go outside), and the adultswill constantly have to help all of the children to grow into responsibleadults. It is simply intrinsic to the nature of having a family that one growsto be concerned with the well-being and interests of others arou nd. In these comments by Cardinal Trujillo there isan explication of the fundamental doctrines expressed in sections 42-43 of Familiaris.In these sections, Pope John Paul II notes that the daily life of a good familyis characterized by sharing and deep communion. The community of a family isthe very answer needed to thwart selfish isolationism. This type ofother-centered communion is seen in various aspects of which the Cardinal haselaborated. For example, the family is guided by an overriding principle offree giving, and this free giving takes the form ofheartfelt acceptance, encounter and dialogue, disinterested availability,generous service and deep solidarity (FC, 43). Children helping youngerchildren whenever there arises a need for such help is a ready example ofdisinterested availability. The older child helps the younger not because he isgaining something for it, but rather because when a child needs help,especially your own sibling, you simply help that child. This also fosters arecognition of the intrinsic value in each individual human being. Love and Life the Very Foundation of Marriage and Family In his recent speech Cardinal Alfonso Trujillo agreed with Pope JohnPaul II in seeing the family as that which forms societies. According tothe Pope, the family is societys foundation, which continually bolsterssociety by being its continual giver of life (FC, 42). Cardinal Trujillonotes that this thinking is in opposition to current worldly sentiment mostreadily embodied by the United Nations in their recent conferences. The generalattitude expressed in these U.N. conferences has been to think that societiesare simply collections of individuals (Familiaris Consortio and theFamily, 3). But, nature seems to argue against this mistaken idea. Societiesare not the ones producing and nurturing and giving the individuals to thesociety. These duties are fulfilled by families, and the individuals producedusually repeat this fundamental cycle of nature by creating their own familiesand producing and nurturing their own offspring. Underlying the teaching of the family as the ultimate antidote toisolationism, are the two most fundamental realities of marriage: love andlife. The two are hardly mutually exclusive, reasons John Paul II. On thecontrary, conjugal love expressed as it out to be expressed according to thenature of man tends toward the creation of life. Procreation is a naturalfruit of the conjugal act, according to Humanae Vitae. Many thinkerssince have latched on to this fundamental Catholic point, including John PaulII in this exhortation. According to Catholic teaching, man is a hylomorphicunity. That is, he is composed of matter and form, which for man correspond tothe body and soul, which are fundamentally united. That is, what it is to bea human is to be a soul-body unity (FC, 11). But, man is also created inthe image and likeness of God, who is love. It follows that Love is thereforethe fundamental and innate vocation of every human being, (11). In marriage,the love that man longs to express is done so most fundamentally in conjugallove, the mutual and complete self-giving of a man and a woman. So sexualitycould never be seen, on this understanding as something purely physical, norpurely psychological either. It is the whole human who engages in the sexualact, so the act itself is intrinsically physical and spiritual. This is how onecommunicates his or her love for another, by the mutual self-giving in theconjugal act. However, love is not the only principle intrinsic to conjugal acts.This fact is easily demonstrable by noting that birth control contraceptionamounts to little more than artificial means of birth prevention. But since itis ever thought that this or that birth is needing to be prevented, it must bethe case that there is a natural product of conjugal love. So, Donald Ascireasons, this is the other aspect of Pope John Paul IIs theology of theconjugal act. The body by its very nature in sexuality is fecund it is opento fertility (The Conjugal Act as a Personal Act, 138). Totalunion occurs with the giving of ones body and all of its finalities. In maleclimax, a finality is the releasing of semen, in which is contained thepossibility of forming a new human life (if united with the gift of thewoman-the ovum). There is a principle of totality inherent in this reasoning -the giving of ones total self his spiritual, physical and (innatelycontained within the physical) his fecundity. But, if by some various means the conjugal act is not completedaccording to its intrinsic order something like a contradiction takes place,according to Christopher West who cites section 32 of Familiaris Consortio.West argues that one cannot possibly hold that he gives his entire self to theother if at the most important (i.e., climactic) moment of intercourse thevery moment when the unity between the two ought to be felt most of all onewithdraws him or herself from the union. Fecund is what adults are bynature. Therefore, when one does such a thing as what West describes, he isengaging in a type of lie a serious contradictory statement which says, Igive you all of myself except my fertility. I receive all that you are exceptyour fertility, (Good News about Sex and Marriage, 108). Thus, as JohnPaul II reasons in this section of FC cited by West, the innatelanguage of the total and mutual self-giving inherent in the conjugal actbecomes overlaid with a contradictory idea when man ac ting as the ultimatearbiter of his own being and sexuality decides in a moment to nottotally give of his self (since his whole self includes, as Asci has shownabove, his fecundity as well). The Essential Tension of Becoming What You Are The discussion thus far leads naturally to what many later came tosee as a profound and highly important teaching of Familiaris Consortio:Families, you are to become what you are! This passage so often quoted runsthus, The family findsin the plan of God the Creator and Redeemer not only its identity, what it is,but also its mission, what it can and should do. The role that God calls thefamily to perform in history derives from what the family is: its rolerepresents the dynamic and existential development of what it is. Each familyfinds within itself a summons that cannot be ignored and that specifies bothits dignity and responsibility: family, become what you are (FamiliarisConsortio, 17). Of course, such anexhortation is paradoxical at first blush. As David Michael Thomas remarksconcerning this papal principle, This pope is a complex blend of realism andidealism. The tension between the two is not relaxed for a minute (Pope JohnPaul IIs Advice for Families, 7). And Cardinal Trujillo asks, how cansomething become what it is? (7) More specifically, how does a family becomewhat it already is? Donald Asci has some insight to share on this front. It isessentially a cart-and-horse dilemma. It is not always easy, in terms ofaction, to identify which is the horse that is pulling the cart. The family hasa nature, and it is given this by God. However, it also has a mission, which isalso given by God. These are two dimensions of the same reality: namely, the family(Asci, 126). The family has a static nature, but it also has a dynamic mission,which is to be realized. But the mission is never realized without an alreadyextant family, which has the necessary nature to realize the mission. Nofamily; no mission. However, part of the mission is the having, nurturing, andpromulgating of good families. No fulfillment of mission; no families. It is ascenario of interrelation and reciprocation. Each gives rise to the other. Ecclesia Domestica A phrase that first appeared in recent times in the Second VaticanCouncil document Lumen Gentium with reference to the nature of thefamily was that of ecclesia domestica (the domestic church). As DavidMichael Thomas notes, the Council got this phrase from the writings of theChurch fathers, and rightly so since from the very beginnings of the Church ithas always been comprised of those who wished to convert together with all[their] household, as the official Catechism of the Catholic Church states onthis matter (413). The metaphor to describe this in the Catechism is that thefamilies of converts were as little islands of Christianity lived out in apagan world. Leon Suprenant offers the biblical metaphor of the body of Christ(which is the Church, according to St. Paul) being comprised of the littlecells of families. Furthermore, for those Catholics living in fidelity to theteachings of the Church and having children as the natural result of conjugallove, they have as their primary resp onsibility the education and formation ofthese children according to the Gospel of Christ (The Real Presence of theMarriage Bond, 253). Surely, individual parishes in union with the Holy See ofthe Catholic Church contribute to the education and formation of children, butthis is primarily to be done in the home which is one of the qualities thatmake it the domestic church. In continuity with all this, Pope John Paul II in FamiliarisConsortio employs the phrase with some frequency and further elaboration. Itis a result of parents begetting in love and for love that they procreate newoffspring, for which they in turn take the responsibility of educating thesenew beings who stand in potential of great growth and development (FC,36). It is their duty, but more to the point of love, it is their solemnprivilege to be able to take the sacred product (i.e., their own child) oftheir mutual love for each other and see its development through to completion.In this way, the parents fulfill their own duty and honor to be the firstevangelizers of their own children in teaching them of the love of Christ. Concluding Thoughts As wasstated at the outset of this brief essay, the apostolic exhortation FamiliarisConsortio is a document rich in depth and broad in the topics to which itextends its teaching. However, we have only tried here to give what seem to besome of the most important and widely commented on portions of the text. Itcertainly seems to have had a welcome reception by many of the most well-knowncontemporary Catholic writers on marriage and the family. It also appears tohave filled a void that existed to some extent in the wake of Catholic teachingon conjugal love and marriage prior to the pontificate of Pope John Paul II.One can reasonably expect that future pontificates will continue to focus onthe theology of the body so ably developed by Pope John Paul II in FamiliarisConsortio. Bibliography Asci, Donald P. The Conjugal Act as aPersonal Act: A Study of the Catholic Concept of the ConjugalAct in the Light of Christian Anthropology. SanFrancisco: Ignatius Press, 2002. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 2d ed. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1997. John Paul II, Pope. The Theology of theBody: Human Love in the Divine Plan. Boston, Pauline Booksand Media, 1997. Familiaris Consortio.Vatican Translation. Boston: St. Paul Books, 1982. Markey, Barbara. Cohabitation: Responseover Reaction. The Priest, November, 2000, 19-24. Availableonline from Catholic Culture. Thisencyclical in its entirety is contained within a work listed in ourbibliography. The Theology of the Body, which is a compilation ofvarious teachings of Pope John Paul II on marriage and conjugal love, has HumanaeVitae as its first appendix. The reader may freely find the encyclical hereand many places elsewhere (including the Vaticans official website).

Roman Empire :: essays research papers

The Roman Empire The people were happy. This is the underlying cause of the astounding length of time and space that the Roman Empire occupied most of the known western land. Great rulers met their downfall when they put their own status in front of the well being of the people they govern. When the citizens are left high and dry and not regarded as important to their society then this is when there is an overthrow of power and a new ruler comes into play. Citizens had a place in politics, they have lots of entertainment, they had the best army in the world to protect them, and Rome was the place to live and would be that way for many years. Many leaders come and go but it is the great ones that we remember, the ones that make people enjoy life. The emperors that are not approved by the people are the ones that turn a new leaf of evil once they have a military victory. The thrill of so much power gives them the urge to be the best in the world. They move on and conquer other nations and forget about their own people. Julius Caesar cared about his people and wanted to be the "ruler for the people," rather than the "ruler of the people." When he gain power of Rome from the hands of Pompey there was no reign of terror, but a policy to restore economic and prosperity to Rome. This period of time in Rome is known today as the golden age of Roman literacy and development. The minds of the people are expanding. Another example of the Roman citizens' happiness and prosperity comes during the rule of Caesar's grandson Octavian, better known to history as Augustus. Once Augustus rises from the new triumvirate as the ruler of the empire, he introduces different types of social reform that appease the people and keep them on his side. Augustus is a classical man and wanted to bring back the ancient moral to the citizens. He reduced the size of the army and gave soldiers land and money. He imports food and gives it away to the people. Augustus transformed Rome from city of bricks to a city of marble by building temples and basilicas to represent his power as well as his love for the city that he takes care of.

The High Cost of Obesity :: Health

Today, as values of living continue to boost, weight increase and obesity are posing a rising threat to certain well-beings in countries all over the world. Obesity, now confirmed as a nationwide endemic by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is likely to get worse and amplify over time. â€Å"The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts there will be 2.3 billion overweight adults in the world by 2015 and more than 700 million of them will be obese† (Obesity: in Statistics, 2008, 2nd Statement). It is definite that most kids are inclined to eat junk food, and it is certain that most kids will become overweight as adults. About 15% of children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years are overweight, which is an increase of 4% from the 1988-1994 NHANES study† (Chatterjee, Blakely, & Barton, 2005, p. 24). Statistics of obese persons in the United States alone are also greater in certain cultural and ethnic minority groups, especially African American and His panics. â€Å"Between 1986 and 1998, incidences of being overweight increased significantly among African American children by 21.5% and for Hispanic children by 21.8%. That is nearly almost  ¼ of the population! Among all low-income children, the prevalence of being overweight was found to be highest among Latino children by (12%) followed by Asian-Pacific Islander (9.6%), African American (7.8%) and Whites (7.1%)† (Chatterjee, Blakely, &Barton, 2005, p. 24,) â€Å"The total cost of obesity by some estimates is $100 billion annually. Others estimated the cost of health care for obesity alone is $70 billion† (Wellman, Friedberg, S705, 2002). Obesity and its economic costs stand on three levels. First, obesity can hurt a person financially, with doctor visits, and such. Secondly, obesity can cut into the costs of businesses (presuming the overweight are working, but they may not be, due to their state), due to lost efficiency. There is about 40 million workdays of productivity lost among overweight individuals. Other issues include non-attendance, underachievement, and raised insurance payments. (Wellman, Friedberg, 2002, p.705) Furthermore, being overweight has an effect on expenses by neighboring, state, and nationwide governments. Obesity is my topic of interest because as a future elementary teacher, I want to raise awareness of the consequences that obesity may have among children. I hope to teach all children the importance o f eating healthy so that they can become happy, healthy adults. Obesity is a huge problem that is strongly influenced by the sociological factors such media and the American culture. The High Cost of Obesity :: Health Today, as values of living continue to boost, weight increase and obesity are posing a rising threat to certain well-beings in countries all over the world. Obesity, now confirmed as a nationwide endemic by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is likely to get worse and amplify over time. â€Å"The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts there will be 2.3 billion overweight adults in the world by 2015 and more than 700 million of them will be obese† (Obesity: in Statistics, 2008, 2nd Statement). It is definite that most kids are inclined to eat junk food, and it is certain that most kids will become overweight as adults. About 15% of children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years are overweight, which is an increase of 4% from the 1988-1994 NHANES study† (Chatterjee, Blakely, & Barton, 2005, p. 24). Statistics of obese persons in the United States alone are also greater in certain cultural and ethnic minority groups, especially African American and His panics. â€Å"Between 1986 and 1998, incidences of being overweight increased significantly among African American children by 21.5% and for Hispanic children by 21.8%. That is nearly almost  ¼ of the population! Among all low-income children, the prevalence of being overweight was found to be highest among Latino children by (12%) followed by Asian-Pacific Islander (9.6%), African American (7.8%) and Whites (7.1%)† (Chatterjee, Blakely, &Barton, 2005, p. 24,) â€Å"The total cost of obesity by some estimates is $100 billion annually. Others estimated the cost of health care for obesity alone is $70 billion† (Wellman, Friedberg, S705, 2002). Obesity and its economic costs stand on three levels. First, obesity can hurt a person financially, with doctor visits, and such. Secondly, obesity can cut into the costs of businesses (presuming the overweight are working, but they may not be, due to their state), due to lost efficiency. There is about 40 million workdays of productivity lost among overweight individuals. Other issues include non-attendance, underachievement, and raised insurance payments. (Wellman, Friedberg, 2002, p.705) Furthermore, being overweight has an effect on expenses by neighboring, state, and nationwide governments. Obesity is my topic of interest because as a future elementary teacher, I want to raise awareness of the consequences that obesity may have among children. I hope to teach all children the importance o f eating healthy so that they can become happy, healthy adults. Obesity is a huge problem that is strongly influenced by the sociological factors such media and the American culture.

Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorn :: essays research papers fc

Ld be at my very elbow" symbolizes that the forest is a mysterious and frightful place (244). With the words, "staff, which bore the likeness of a great black snake" (244) and "The moment his fingers touched them, they became strangely withered and dried up as with a week’s sunshine" symbolizes the devil (246). Another important literary element that Hawthorne uses is characterization. He also uses symbolism to represent his characters. For instance, Faith is the wife of Young Goodman Brown and is represented as a beautiful, faithful, and pleasant person. When Hawthorne writes, "the wind play with the pink ribbons of her cap", symbolizes Faith to be a beautiful and pleasant person (244). Also Hawthorne writes, "as the wife was aptly named, and she’s a blessed angel on earth" symbolizes that Faith is faithful and honest (243). In contrast to Faith is the mysterious travellar. He represents the devil in the forest which represents hell. Hawthorne writes, "his staff, which bore the likeness of a great black snake" (244) and "The moment his fingers touched them, they became strangely withered and dried up, as with a week’s sunshine" (246) symbolizes the hellish powers of the devil. Young Goodman Brown plays the middle man within the story. He is married to a beautiful wife and is urged to become bad in the hellish forest. He also finds that his religion teacher, Goody Cloyse, and the church minister, Deacon Gookin, was in this forest. Young Goodman Brown faces an internal conflict with good and evil. Hawthorne writes, "With Heaven above, and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the devil" lets you know that Young Goodman Brown is strongly against evil (247). Also within the story Hawthorne writes, "My Faith is gone, there is no good on earth, and sin is but a name. Come, devil for to there is this world given" which shows that Young Goodman Brown has come to realize that he can no longer trust anyone (248). In this allegory, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses dual settings, along with mood, conflict and characterization to create his theme. That mankind possesses both good and evil within each individual. This is represented by the internal conflict by Young Goodman Brown to be a good individual, but realizing that everyone possess bad.

Excel Igcse Computer Studies Glossary Essay

Actuator – It is a device that can be operated by signals from a computer or control system causing physical movement. (E.g. devices for opening windows in a computer controlled ventilation system) Algorithm – It is a sequence of instructions designed to perform a particular task and it is independent of any programming language. It includes precise details about the operations to be performed and in what order. (E.g. pseudo-code or program flow chart) Batch processing – It is a processing that doesn’t start until all the data are collected without any needs of human interaction. It uses computer during overnight. (E.g. payroll system, billing, cheque processing) CAD (Computer Aided Design) – It is the use of computer system that allows engineers and architects to design new projects by producing drawings. (E.g. designing new cars) Command-line interface – It is a set of commands instructed by the user in order to communicate with the computer and get the requirements sorted out. Compiler – It is a program that converts high-level language into machine language and converts whole program before execution. Cookies – It is a text which the user receives when in access to the internet website and gets automatically downloaded onto the user’s computer and further develops to infect a computer. (E.g. it can be blocked when the user rejects it by setting its restriction on the web page) Data integrity – It refers to the accuracy of data. Data-logging – It is an automatic capturing and storing of data readings from sensors over a period of time. (E.g. weather forecasting) De-skilling – It is replacing a semi-skilled labour with a micro-processing control system. Dry run – It is working through a program or a section of a program manually. This is useful for locating errors, particularly run time errors. E-commerce – It is an electronic commerce that allows buying and selling goods and services through the internet/computer networks. Either B2B or B2C, they still serve their products. (E.g. on-line shopping, Internet/online banking) H.J.Hong Encryption – It is a way of preventing data files that contain sensitive  information from being used if they’re stolen. Expert system – It is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) to a particular area of activity where traditional human expert knowledge and experience are made available through a computer package. (E.g. medical diagnosis) Generic software – It is a type of software that can perform many different related tasks. Intranet – It is a communication system, providing similar services to the internet solely within a particular company or organization. It makes it possible to share documents, databases and applications, using the same protocol as the internet. (E.g. more secure data) Logic gates – They are the components used in making logic circuits. Each gate has 1 or more inputs and produces a single output that depends upon the input(s). Simulation – It is a study of the behaviour of a system by using a model. (E.g. flight simulator) Structure diagram – It is a means of representing the design of a program or system and it demonstrates what happens at a program level Top-down design – It is the technic of breaking down a problem into subtasks that are sufficiently simple enough to be written as a self-contained module or procedure. (E.g. allows several programmers to work on the same large task, each module can be tested/debugged separately) Validation – It is a check on the data input and detects any data that is unreasonable and unacceptable. Video-conferencing – It is a form of an electronic communication through Internet for people who are geographically separated to transmit audio and video data. (E.g. meetings held at different locations) Virtual reality – It is a computer simulation that uses special interactive devices such as data gloves to create an artificial environment. (E.g. viewing newly constructed houses/pilot training) Virus – It is a program which replicates itself and damages files or data. (E.g. it alters the data on the infected computer without the user knowing it)

An Introduction to Cataracts

regard Cataracts pull up stakes affect almost ein truth mavens mental imagery at some distributor point in their life. Some volume whitethorn be competent to deal with the cataracts with specs while some others must prolong cataract operating theatre in order to improve their vision. The makeup explains what a cataract is, who it affects, the development of cataract surgical operation lede to new(a) day surgical techniques, as well as the possible complications and benefits by and by cataract military operation.There was once a clock that cataracts coifd people to become what they considered blind, but straightaway with modern technology and modern medicate people induce the ability to conk with their life with equitable minor adjustments to their quotidian activities. An Introduction to Cataracts and Cataract surgical procedure E genuinelyone has disparate vision, and e actuallyone has different points in their life where they whitethorn happen upon their vision changing. One major checkup condition that canful affect a persons vision is a cataract.It is important to understand what a cataract is and who it usu everyy impacts, the development of cataract mental process current of airing to the modern surgical technique, and the possible complications and benefits of having cataract surgical operation. What is a Cataract and Who is usually Impacted? A cataract, simply put, is the all overcasting of the clear inherent genus Lens in the eye (Buettner, p. 101). People who restrain cataracts ca-ca trouble redeing sharp figures, oft clipstimes times the objects they see be brumous or dim. The cataracts do non solve suddenly but progress and repay more than advance(a) with time.The natural proteins of the crystalline lens of the eye begin to deteriorate between the age of 40 and 45 (Newmark, 38). People with cataracts often have trouble driving, difficulty reading, and still trouble seeing expressions on others faces. Cataracts can overly ca habituate extreme trouble with sensitivity to sunniness and head freshs or streetlights (p. 101). Cataracts occur with the normal senescent sclerosis, as the lens becomes little(prenominal) resilient, less transparent, and thicker (Gordon, p. 50). In The affection Book cataracts are compared to wrinkles and gray whisker, eventually it is something everyone will get.It just isnt acknowledged until someone has a lot of the above mentioned gray hair and wrinkles (Cassel, p. 128). Most Americans by the age of 65 have some type of cataracts or clouding of the lens. According to the National snapper Institute, cataracts occur in roughly half(prenominal) of Americans aged 65 and over (Gordon, p. 49). legitimate detailors can in addition increase the jeopardy for developing cataracts. The factors include progress age, diabetes, a family history of cataracts, extensive exposure to sunlight, smoking, obesity, extravagantly blood pressure, previou s eye reproach or inflammation or puffiness to the eye (American Academy of Ophthalmology, p. 1).Cataracts are similarly found to be more sacrifice in women than in men, more putting green in African Americans than in Caucasians, and more common in developing countries on the tropical belt than in the united States and Europe (Cassel, p. 132). A recent exact also showed that poor nutrition also increased the percentage of cataract composition (Guttman, p. 1). The formation of cataracts can also be advanced by the use of corticosteroid use and excessive alcohol consumption (Buettner, p. 106). It is also worth mentioning that occasionally children can be born with cataracts or develop them at a very young age, this is called a Congenital cataract.This can be ca apply by the mother having German measles during pregnancy, delinquent to a chemical imbalance, or a developmental imbalance. These cataracts are withdraw cursorily if they are determined to be touch on the childs v ision (p. 106). If a person truly feels that they do non see to their full potential thus it is in their best interest to touch with their ophthalmologist and have their vision evaluated to see if surgery would be beneficial. What is the Process of Cataract Surgery? Once the patient of decides they are install to pursue cataract surgery a a few(prenominal) steps admit to be recurrencen.The patient will need to be seen by an ophthalmologist. The patient will have a dilated eye exam with the recreate along with test prior to surgery. The testing performed is through to determine what origin of Intraocular lens, or IOL, should be placed in the eye to ease off the patient to best vision possible. The testing is often called an A-scan or an IOL Master. The patient may also have a corneal Topography do if they have an astigmatism. An astigmatism is an mo shaping of the cornea and the corneal topography is just a picture or mapping of the cornea.The doctor also uses this tes t when determining which power of lens will be deep-rooted at the time of surgery. Of course sooner any surgery can stock place the patient must also complete the necessary paperwork. Cataract surgery used to be a major surgery, an inpatient procedure with general anesthesia and close a week stay in the local hospital (Gordon, p. 59). The procedure itself was a great deal harder on patient. The atomic number 101 made an whoreson well-nigh a half-inch long, through which they removed the cataract and replaced it with a thick glass lens and then later an unlifelike lens (p. 9). Today the procedure is done on an outpatient basis under local anesthesia in about thirty minutes. In fact, each year over 1. 5 million cataract surgeries are performed in the joined States (p. 49). There two different slipway a cataract can be removed, every by extracapsular surgery or phacoemulsification (Kanski, p. 346). Extracapsular surgery became common in the 1980s when IOLs became more widely used (p. 346). The capsular pouch is opened approximately 10 mm and the lens material is removed in one piece.This technique is beneficial for tedious and firm cataracts that would be difficult to transformation up by phacoemulsification, which will be discussed later (Cassel, p. 150). Once the artificial lens is implanted the pelf is stitched. The stitches antiquatedly have to be removed, and usually disintegrate over time (Gordon, p. 60). Because the size of the excoriation on the eye is rather large, improve does take a few weeks (p. 60). This type of cataract surgery can also induce large post-operative astigmatism resulting from the large incision and the need for stitches (Kanski, p. 346).Phacoemulsification is the newest and most common method of cataract rootage (Gordon, p. 60). The doctor makes a tiny incision, about 3mm long and uses a tool, called a phaco handpiece, that breaks up the solid cataract into tiny pieces using ultrasound. then(prenominal) a vacuum is used to basically suck out the tiny fragments of the cataract from the enfold. (Buettner, p. 111). No stitches are needed to close the incision because the incision is so lilliputian that the natural pressure within the eye holds the incision tightly closed, and allows the wound to heal apace (Gordon, pp. 60-61).another(prenominal) major difference is how the artificial lens is implanted. The lens is actually folded onward it is inserted into the capsule and once placed into the capsule it is unfolded. This is done because the incision is so small the unfolded lens wouldnt be able to fit through the opening (p. 61). The small incision makes the procedure safer and provides an earlier deviation postoperatively (Kanski, pp. 346-347). There is also less risk for iris prolapse (p. 347). Phacoemulsification domiciliates beneficial long-term results and in 97-98 percent of all cases in that respect are no complications, when done by a well experience surgeon (Gordon, p. 1). Fo llowing surgery a protective shield is placed over the eye and the patient is sent al-Qaida with instructions to use postoperative drops to embarrass infection and inflammation (p. 67). The patient will follow up with their doctor the day later(prenominal) surgery and then during the adjacent 6 weeks to check the eyes healing (Buettner, p. 112). Former restrictions were placed on patients that unplowed them from bending and lifting are becoming things of the past. Patients can resume normal activities almost without delay following surgery, of course any activites should be cleared by the patients physician (Cassel, p. 52). Patients will need to wear dark sunglasses following surgery when they are outside in order to reduce the cause of glare (Gordon, p. 67). What are the Complications and Benefits of Surgery? As with any type of surgery on that point is always risk involved when you have an operative procedure done. Although cataract surgery is one of the lower risk surge ries performed in the unify States, there are some complications that should be discussed. Some complications can happen during the surgery and some can happen after the surgery during the healing process.While the physician is extracting the cataract the posterior capsule can prison-breaking (Kanski, p. 349). If this happens the patient can be left hand with long term complications including glassy loss, an up-drawn pupil, uveitis, vitreous touch, vitreous wick syndrome, endophthalmitis, glaucoma, posterior perturbation of the IOL, retinal detachment, and chronic cystoid macular hydrops (p. 349). Another serious risk is dislocation of the IOL after surgery, the IOL can become dislodged into the vitreous quarry and is a result of improper nidation (p. 53). If left untreated it can lead to vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, uveitis, and chronic cystoid macular edema (p. 353). A suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a endure into the suprachorooidal space which could result in th e protrusion of intraocular contents, it is an unlikely complication with the phacoemulsification technique (p. 353). Unfortunately, splay IOLs are becoming more everyday with the changing IOL designs and it is necessary that those dislocated lens be addressed immediately for the patients benefit (Rajecki, p. 1).Endophthalmitis is a rare but serious infection, symptoms include vision loss, pain not relieved by OTC pain medications, a pregnant increase in eye redness, flashes of light or floaters, nausea or emesis (Buettner, p. 113). Of course the benefits of surgery are very clear. The patients can walk away with modify vision and also the possibility of not having to wear glasses. Technology continues to improve and there are multiple lenses for patients to choose from. These lenses offer deluxe options such as rectification for astigmatism and multiple focal points.This allows people who have never been able to chromosome mapping without their glasses on to have cataract s urgery to live their lives without glasses, and in a true sense live a consentient new life The patients that have in(predicate) cataract surgery do not affliction the choice they made in fact they likely wonder why they waited so long to make the choice to act with surgery. They often times say they didnt realize the house was so murky or they had so many wrinkles until they got category from the cataract surgery. It is clear that cataracts and cataract surgery is a very complicated and detailed subject.It should be very important to the patient that they make a wise decision when it comes to their eyes and the tending they receive. Patients will continue to see ophthalmology conduct grow and change all the time and it will continue to get better. It is encourage to see that through time things have only gotten better and more advanced for patient care. References American Academy of Ophthalmology. (2011). Who Is at Risk for Cataracts? Billig, O. D. , Michael, Cassel, M. D . , Gary, Randall, M. D. , Harry. (1998). The Eye Book A Complete Guide to Eye Disorders and Health. Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins Press. Buettner, M. D. Helmut. (2002). Mayo Clinic on Vision and Eye Health. Rochester, MNKensington Publishing. Gordon, Sandra. (2001). The Aging Eye. New York, NY Simon & Schuster. Guttman, Cheryl. (2009, October 1). Analyses canvass Association Between Risk Factors,Cataracts. Ophthalmology Times. Kanski, diddlyshit J. (2007). Clinical Ophthalmology A Systemic Approach. Philadelphia, PAButterworth, Heinemann, Elsevier. Newmark, M. D. , Emanuel. (2006). Ophthalmic Medical Assisting. San Francisco, CA Essilor Rajecki, Ron. (2008, October 15). Advances in Cataract Surgery Bring New ComplicationsAlong with Benefits. Ophthalmology Times.

History Marking Scheme

younger Certificate history Exam 2012 (Higher Level) 180 label 150 transactions S. 1 Pictures (15 marks) (8 ? %) 3 Pictures with 3 questions each S. 2 inscriptions (15 marks) (8 ? %) 2 Documents with 4/5 questions each S. 3 Short Questions (20 marks) (11 %) 20 Short Questions Do decennary at least S. 4 People in annals (40 marks 2 x 20) (22%) N. B. DO superstar preference from A & ONE option from B Section A Ancient Civilisations/ capital of Italy/ Early Christian Ireland/ Middle sequences/ reincarnationSection B Age of mutations/ industrial Revolution/ Political Change in twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate Ireland/ S. 5 Long Document (30 marks) (16 ? %) ONLY ONE of the inframentioned sections will jazz up. Reformation Age of Revolutions (America, France, Ireland) Age of geographic expedition industrial Revolution & 19th hundred Ireland (Fa tap) Plantations S. 6 (60 marks) (33 1/3%) N. B. International Relations in the twentieth degree centigrade (30) Politica l Change in 20th ampere-second Ireland (30) (+ Two other sections from Junior Cert contour e. g. The Middle Ages/ Prehistoric Ireland) SECTION 4 raft IN HISTORY (2 x 20 marks)Do ONE survival of the fittest from ruin A & ONE OPTION from Part B Marking Scheme SRS = important Relevant Statement (Each SRS = 2 marks) CM = 16 (8 x 2M) OM = Over both told Mark OM = 4 rattling GOOD = 4M GOOD = 3M FAIR = 2M POOR = 1M Guidelines 1) envision that you are writing from the correct perspective e. g. a supporter of a named new 2) Always accept an introductory split on the birth and proto(prenominal) life of a named explorer/ crusader/ extremist attraction and so on 3) Ensure that you secernate & rationalize key concepts e. g. Justification by Faith tot each(prenominal)y/ Republicanism/ Sailing West to reach the East Indies ) of in all sequence name & describe the widely-held beliefs of the cartridge holder of the named somebody e. g. church building control over volumes reli gious beliefs/ Flat-Earth/ Ireland as persona of the UK/ USA as a colony of England/ 5) yell the assembly(s)/ organisation(s) who were founded by or supported the beliefs of the named person 6) incessantly bring up & specify the bushel of plans/ innovations that aided the verbalize person & their beliefs/ revolution e. g. Printing Press/ Astrolabe/ magnetized Compass/ Seed Drill/ Selective replication/ Factory System/ Steam Locomotive/ stand Rule/ IRB Fenianism/ Fascism/ Communism/ ) come upon & EXPLAIN how people and institutions reacted to the named persons beliefs/ discoveries e. g. the Counter-Reformation/ superstitions of sailors during the Age of husking/ British refusal to accept Irish license/ 8) pass the impact of the named person on later history itself dispersed of Protestantism throughout atomic number 63/ Counter-Reformation/ Spanish Inquisition/ Discovery of American Continents/ New Colonies/ New ways of travelling/ open up of Irish Republicanism/ Sp read of Communism/ Spread of Fascism in Europe PART A OPTIONS (PEOPLE IN HISTORY) EARLY MODERN EUROPE & IRELAND A monastic in an early Christian monastery in Ireland (2011/ 07/ 05) N. B. A person keep in a named antiquated civilisation OUTSIDE of Ireland. (11/ 09/ 06/ 04) N. B. A farmer animate in ancient (pre-Christian) Ireland. (08/ 05) A named religious reformist at the time of the Reformation (2011/ 08) N. B. An archaeologist piddleing on a dig. (2010/ 07/ 04) The lord or bird of a medieval castle. (2010/ 08) A sawhorse living in a medieval castle. (05) N. B. A named Renaissance workman from OUTSIDE of Italy. (2009) N. B. A named Renaissance artist or sculptor (07 (PART B)/ 04) N. B. PART B OPTIONS (PEOPLE IN HISTORY) Later Modern Europe & Ireland A named d desolate on a voyage during the Age of exploration (2011/ 09/ 06 (PART A) N. B. A native Irish landowner who wooly land in a named plantation during the sixteenth or 17th centuries. (2011) A settler who accredited land during a named plantation in Ireland during the sixteenth or 17th N. B. entury. (08/ 06 (PART A)/ 04) A mine or grinder worker during the industrial Revolution. (07) N. B. A mill or mine owner during the Industrial Revolution (05) N. B. A named drawing card in the struggle for Irish independence, 1900-1921. (2011/ 07/ 05) N. B. A named attraction conglomerate in a revolution (America, France or Ireland) during the period, 1770-1815. (2010/ 05) N. B. A supporter of a named new loss leader during the period, 1770-1803. 06) N. B. A named leader involved in one of the crises during the rise of the superpowers (Berlin Blockade Korean warfare Cuban Missile Crisis). (2010/ 06) N. B. A named policy-making leader in the Republic of Ireland during the period, 1960-1985. (08 ) An old person describing changes that have occurred in communications in Ireland since 1945. (04) A A named religious reformer at the time of the Reformation. (20 marks) A specific reform er (eg Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII) moldiness be named or implied, but no marks are awarded for the reformers name.If the name of the reformer is not mentioned, or is incorrect, but the solid relates to a specific reformer, max. OM = 3. In the persona of Luther, divvy up all material up to and including his ordination as play down, i. e. 1 SRS max. In the baptismal font of Calvin, hold dear all material up to and including his conversion to Luthers didactics as primer, i. e. 1 SRS max. List of abuses, declared or explained, = 1 SRS. A belief/ article of belief explained = 1 SRS. A belief coupled with the germane(predicate) Catholic teaching = 1 SRS. 2 notwithstanding stated beliefs/teachings = 1 SRS. Teachings/beliefs = 3 SRSs max. ESSAY jut out found the reformer/ year of birth/ emphasise & education quote & EXPLAIN the advert of abuses indoors the Roman church building assign the reformers beliefs and opinion of abuses in detail make up the travel he took to a ddress these abuses distinguish & learn the churchs reaction to the reformers actions/ beliefs NAME the reformers beliefs and EXPLAIN N. B. ***** NAME whatsoever associates who aided the reformer NAME any invention/ innovation that helped to spread the reformers beliefs DESCRIBE the impact of the reformers teachings/ beliefs DESCRIBE how the Church reacted to the reformerA A knight living in a medieval castle. Castle or Knight only when dealt with 1 OM. Name of a castle rollick + description / function = 1 SRS. Mere list of castle features without description/function 2 features = 1 SRS. ESSAY PLAN NAME yourself (you are the knight) STATE who your schoolmaster is and your allegiance to him DESCRIBE WHAT YOUR ROLE is in the CASTLE & HOW you defend it NAME & DESCRIBE WHERE the LORD & HIS FAMILY LIVES (KEEP) DESCRIBE 3 DEFENSIVE FEATURES OF the castle DESCRIBE the 3 STAGES of be approach path a medieval knight DESCRIBE the tournaments & jousts that you regular ly deducticipate in DESCRIBE your belief in the Code of CHIVALRY N. B. *** B A supporter of a named revolutionary leader (USA, France, Ireland), 1770-1803. Do not award marks for name the revolutionary leader. In the case of George Washington, turn to all material prior to the First Continental relation back as range, i. e. 1 SRS max. In the case of Robespierre, treat all material prior to the irruption of the French Revolution in 1789 as background, i. e. 1 SRS max. In the case of Wolfe Tone, treat all material prior to the founding of the get together Irishmen as background, i. e. 1 SRS max.In the case of Robert Emmet, treat all material prior to his involvement with the linked Irishmen as background, i. e. 1 SRS max. ESSAY PLAN NAME the leader who you are supporting NAME the country & time period (1765 1783) STATE YOUR REASONS for supporting the revolutionary leader i. e. taxes/ interference from colonial power etc. NAME the reasons why a revolution is taking aspir e NAME & DESCRIBE AT LEAST twain incidents where conflict has occurred in the midst of the revolutionaries & the colonial power DESCRIBE how the RULING POWER is reacting to THIS REVOLUTIONARY & Revolution NAME & DESCRIBE any documents or beliefs expressed by this revolutionary leader or revolutionary group STATE what the revolutionary leader is aiming for i. e. a coming decisive battle B A named revolutionary leader (USA, France or Ireland) No marks for the revolutionary leaders name. If the material clearly relates to a particular revolutionary leader without the person be named, mark on its merits. In the case of George Washington, treat all material prior to the First Continental Congress as background, i. e. 1 SRS. In the case of Robespierre, treat all material prior to the bam of Revolution in1789 as background. In the case of Wolfe Tone, treat all material prior to the founding of the United Irishmen in 1791 as background. In the case of Robert Emmet, treat all mat erial prior to his involvement with the United Irishmen as background. ESAY PLAN SAME AS to a higher place EXCEPT FROM the REVOLUTIONARY LEADERS luff OF VIEW B A manu pulverisation/mine owner during the Industrial Revolution in Britain, c. 1850. If the get along is exclusively from the perspective of the factory worker, Max CM = 8 Max OM =0.ESSAY PLAN (*** YOU are the factory owner) NAME the factory/ mine owner STATE what type of factory/ mine you own NAME the part of England your factory is in DESCRIBE what your factory produces and where you sell/ exports your goods NAME & DESCRIBE how and where you get your raw materials i. e. coal, water-power etc. NAME the inventions that you use in your factory DESCRIBE how you charm your raw materials INTO your factory and how you transport your goods OUT of your factory DESCRIBE the workers who work in your factory, what hours they work, their working conditions and pay. DESCRIBE the living conditions of your workers and HOW y ou have try to make their lives better STATE what hobbies or unoccupied activities you like i. e. gambling, betting on bare-knuckle fights etc. A factory/ mine worker during the Industrial Revolution (As above EXCEPT from the WORKERS PERSPECTIVE) B A named leader in Irish independence struggle, 1916-1923. No marks for the leaders name. Background material i. e. pre-1916 = 1 SRS Post-1923 material = 1 SRS. ESSAY PLAN STATE where and when the leader was born(p) STATE the background of the leader i. e. education/ work etc. NAME the organisation that the leader joined and WHEN NAME other people who the leader was associated with STATE the political beliefs of this leader STATE & DESCRIBE what utilisation the leader played in the Irish Independence struggle e. g. Minister for Finance in the initiatory Dail N. B. ** STATE whether or not this leader was part of the Sinn Fein delegation to London for the Anglo-Irish treaty Negotiations of 1921 STATE whether this leader was PR O-TREATY or ANTI-TREATY in 1922/ 1923 GIVE THEIR REASONS for being PRO-TREATY or ANTI-TREATY DESCRIBE the rest of the leaders careerSection 5 Long Document Question (30 marks) paucity, expatriation & De-population in 19th Century Ireland (2004) geographic expedition, Vespucci & Impacts on Indigenous Populations (2005) Famine, Emigration & De-Population in 19th Century Ireland (2006) Reformation, Papal prick & Counter-Reformation (2007) French & Irish Revolutions in 18th Century (2008) Plantations in 17th Century Ireland (2009) Exploration, Spanish & Portuguese (2010) Rural Ireland & Industrial England in the 19th Century (2011) Structure of Question Part A functions derived from maiden Source. USE QUOTATIONS & EVIDENCE from Source (8-10 marks)Part B Answers derived from second/ 3rd Sources USE QUOTATIONS & EVIDENCE from Source or Contextual/ Background tuition require on topic (8 10 marks) Part C Answer ONE from 3 Options Contextual/ Background Information requi red on topic (10 12 marks) Part C Usually requires a bypass paragraph answer worth 10 or 12 marks. It is important that you write at length on whatever topic you are asked e. g. Problems faced by Irish Immigrants abroad or the Counter-Reformation in Europe.Ensure that you have at least 5 6 clear points of information on each of the following topics (next page) (Check the relevant webpages on the History site under Junior Certificate History for examples of these) Part C Examples Counter-Reformation Consequences of the Reformation for Ireland Urbanisation, Health, Lifestyle & Pastimes of Industrial England Impact of Famine & Problems faced by Immigrants abroad Conflict between European Powers as a consequence of Exploration Impacts on indigenous Populations by Explorations Religious, Political & ethnical Impacts of Plantations in Ireland Brehon Law, Language & Customs Causes & Impacts of French, American & Irish Rebellions/ Revolutions Reign of Terror Section 6 (60 marks) Do two options from (A), (B), (C) and (D). (2 x 30 marks) Political Developments in 20th Century Ireland Question divided into 2 or 3 parts short questions followed by 10 or 12 mark questions. The ten mark questions to be alert are as follows 1) Home Rule Crisis 1912 1914 2) 1916 Rising 3) 1918 General alternative 4) War of Independence 1919 1921 5) Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 (& split in Sinn Fein) 6) Irish Civil War 1922 1923 7) Cumann na Gaedheal administration 1923 1932 ) DeValera & Dismantling the Treaty 1932 1938 9) The Emergency (neutrality) 1939 1945 10) The 1st Inter-Party establishment 1948 1951 11) 1950s Ireland 12) Sean Lemass & 1960s Ireland (1st Programme for Economic Expansion) too Northern Ireland 1) N. Ireland during WWII 2) Civil Right Movement in late 1960s 3) The Troubles For key ground and short questions, check the webpage Political Developments in 20th Century Ireland on the History website under Junior Cert. History International Relations in the 20th Century Question divided into 2 or 3 parts short questions followed by 10 or 12 mark questions.Ten mark questions to be prepared are as follows 1) Lenin & Russian Revolution 1917 2) Treaty of Versailles 1919 3) Mussolinis Italy 4) national socialist Rise to Power 1927 1933 5) Nazi Germany 1933 1939 (Totalitarianism & Propaganda) 6) Hitlers Foreign Policy 1933 1939 7) World War II 8) The Cold War a) Berlin Blockade b) Korean War c) Cuban Missile Crisis For key terms and short questions, check the webpage International Relations in the 20th Century on the website under Junior Cert. History Reformation Rural Ireland, Famine & Industrial England in 19th Century Age of Exploration Plantations Age of Revolutions