History of Nigerian Ports Authority - 3554 Words

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The history of port development in Nigeria dates back to the middle of 19th century. This was long after the onset of sea borne trade and transactions which followed the adventures of early explorations on the African coasts. Initial efforts towards provision of facilities for ocean going vessels were the attempts to open up the entrance to the Lagos Lagoon. Considerable littoral drift occurred along this coast; and the constantly shifting channels in the bar at the entrance made entry very difficult. On February 1, 1914, the first mail-steamer S/S ‘AKOKO’ drawing 5.64 metres entered the Lagos harbour. Two months later, vessels began to use the facilities provided at the Customs wharf on Lagos Island. Prior to this†¦show more content†¦The Authority also within this period continued to sustain the efforts already made towards expansion of ports facilities in Lagos and Port Harcourt. In Lagos, six berths of 943 metres were added to the existing ones, while four berths with a total quay length of 506 metres were added to the facilities and steps were taken to mechanize the traffic operations in these ports. In this era, port development approach became tailored along declared national objectives. The Authority’s development strategy became programmed to fall in line with the first National Development Plan –1962 –1968. The second Apapa Wharf Extension was executed and so also were further improvements of port facilities in Port Harcourt. The sum N45M was spent during this period on the two ports. CIVIL WAR ERA 1967 –1970 This period had tremendous impact on the ports industry in Nigeria. The security aspect of ports came into sharp focus. Port Harcourt (Rivers Ports) was closed to foreign traffic. Lagos thus became the only available port serving the country’s maritime transportation needs. The Federal Military Government enacted a special decree which empowered the Nigerian Ports Authority to acquire the ports of Warri, Burutu and Calabar, previously operated by private entrepreneurs. Holts Transport were former owners of Warri Port, UAC owned Burutu Port. Calabar Port was originally owned by five operators. NPA spent N3.35 million at the time to acquire theseShow MoreRelatedEmployee Motivation in the Organization: a Case Study of Nigerian Ports Authority13675 Words   |  55 Pagesmotivation has resulted in serious damage to many organizations in the areas of high rate of absenteeism, constant grievances, frequent industrial upheaval, high labour turnover, disciplinary problems and slow pace of economic development. Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) has its own share of these problems. Most of the staffs (i.e. lower staffs) are no longer dedicated to their work; hence show little or no commitment. The outcome of these researches will serve as an aid to the management of the organizationRead More The Governmental Structure of Nigeria Essay2737 Words   |  11 PagesThe Governmental Structure of Nigeria The Nigerian government has gone through both tough and good times. Though there were many trying times for this nation they have seemed to prevail, and continue to be doing fine with their new democratic system. The Nigerian Governmental structure is branched into three major sections, a federal level, a regional level, and a local level. The three branches are very similar to that of the United States, but still must be discussed and understood more completelyRead MorePlace of Bilingualism in Nigeria3726 Words   |  15 Pagescode-mixing is that of English and a Nigerian language. Dimike, 4 PRACTICE OF BILINGUALISM IN NIGERIA According to Lyons, â€Å"bilingualism is a feature of many countries of the world†. 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The current 1999 constitution is a product of haste becauseRead MoreExamine the Boko Haram Saga in Nigeria and Provide a Solution to Policy Makers1901 Words   |  8 PagesUNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL STUDIES (GRADUATE STUDIES) EXAMINE THE BOKO HARAM SAGA IN NIGERIA AND PROVIDE A SOLUTION TO POLICY MAKERS. BY NAME: BABALOLA OLUBUKOLA COURSE TITLE: RELIGION AND MODERN CHANGE IN AFRICA COURSE CODE: RCS 502.2 According to the Wikipedia Boko Haram refers to People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophets Teachings and Jihad. Better known by its Hausa name Boko Haram, it is a Salafist jihadist terrorist organization based in theRead MoreDiscussion of State Sovereignty and Globalization1765 Words   |  8 Pagesrecognized much later after the end of the ‘Thirty Years War’ and the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia. Internal Sovereignty was defined as the ability to exercise control and authority within the territorial boundaries of the state. While external sovereignty referred to the ability of the state to establish control and authority within its territory without any intervention from other states. Although the doctrine of globalization gained recognition back in the mid 80’s its still impossible to concretelyRead MoreStudents Unrest in Institutions of Higher Learning5830 Words   |  24 Pages INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Nigerian higher educational institution is established with the aim of giving any student who enrolls, a very sound and qualitative education, to be able to function effectively in any environment in which he/she may find him/herself; so as to become more productive, self-fulfilling and attain self-actualization (Federal Government of Nigeria, 1981). 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“The Tell Tale Heart” and “The Black Cat” Free Essays

Kaleb Clem Mrs. Winslow English II Honors 31 October 2012 â€Å"The Tell-Tale Hearts† – â€Å"The Black Cat† Comparison â€Å"The Tell-Tale Hearts† and â€Å"The Black Cat† are two stories that share more similarities than differences. The plots both start out the same with a main character whose actions throughout the story makes apparent to the reader his insanity and have to deal with the internal and external dilemmas that are caused by the evil deeds, which both happen to be involved with murder, due to the unstable state of the man’s conscience. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat† or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two stories have settings that are both strikingly similar. Both stories have a gothic, mysteriously dark setting. And both stories are set within the narrator and the main character’s home; however, â€Å"The Black Cat† had more than one setting. In â€Å"The Black Cat† the main character’s house is burned down and so he is forced to get a new one. More details are given about this house than his earlier house or the home in â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart. † We are told that the house is old, unlike the first one, and not what he and the wife are used to. The story also tells about the cellar, being such an important setting the narrator tells us that the psychological confinement is increased and taping that gets into our deepest fears concerning home and life. The characters from â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat† we see that for the most part, the stories are unbelievably alike. Both stories feature a man who is undoubtedly considered insane by the end of the story and who is the main character and policemen investigate under suspicion of murder. The Tell-Tale Heart† also has a neighbor who plays a small role in the story and The Black Cat contains the man’s wife, Pluto, and the second cat. The plot is almost exactly the same in both stories. Both stories feature a man who claims to be sane in the beginning although he proves to be otherwise later. The insanity in both characters differs. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† the man just seems to have a mental condition of sorts. In The Black Cat,† however, the main character is a raging alcoholic, which seems to be the main cause for his abnormal and malevolent behavior, like when he cut out Pluto’s eye. Pluto never did anything wrong, but the man was intoxicated. â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat† were very similar. They had almost the same plot. The settings in the stories were much in common, and both plots featured gothic elements with large houses and lack of character variety. How to cite â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat†, Essay examples

Pneumothorax an Abnormal Collection of Air in the Pleural Space

Question: Discuss About Pneumothorax An Abnormal Collection Of Air In The Pleural Space? Answer: Introduction Pneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air in the pleural space, causing an uncoupling of the lung from the chest wall. It leads to collapsing of lungs. As the level of air in the space between lung and chest wall increases, the pressure against lung also increases, which causes the lungs to collapse. There are several reasons, which may leads to pneumothorax. Thus, it is important to identify the cause of the disease along with the pathophysiology (Volpicelli 2011). In this essay, the focus is Leigh Richards, whose daughter needs to know the pathophysiology of pneumothorax and the rationale for the available pharmacology of the disorder. Thus, the essay would include the description of pathophysiology of the case patient, i.e. the role of UWSD insertion, signs and symptoms of pneumothorax and its effects on cardiac and respiratory system. Pathopysiology of pneumothorax Pneumothorax is the condition with the presence of gas within the pleural space. Normally, lungs are fully inflamed within the cavity as the alveolar pressure is greater than the intrapleural pressure, while the intrapleural pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure. Instead of low pressure in the pleural space air is unable to enter it due to the absence of air-containing passage and the pressure of gases in the bloodstream is low to forcefully enter into the pleural space. Therefore, if air is allowed to enter, via damaged chest wall or impaired lung or due to gas producing microbes present in the pleural space, pneumothorax can only develop (Grundy et al. 2012). Upon establishment of a link between pleural space and alveolus or within atmosphere and pleural space, gases follow the pressure gradient and flows into the pleural space, until the pressure gradient disappears or the abnormal communication is have been sealed. When the condition develops, as the thoracic cavity is u sually below the resting volume and lung is above its resting volume, lung becomes smaller and thoracic cavity enlarges. In minority of cases the air volume within the chest increases, when a one-way valve is developed by an area of damaged tissue, which develops tension pneumothorax. This condition is referred to a medical emergency and occurs when a he intrapleural pressure goes beyond the atmospheric pressure, especially at the time of expiration, as a result of a ball valve mechanism, which influences the inspiration accumulation of pleural gases. The development of pressure within pleural space results in hypoxaemia and leads to respiratory collapse due to compression of lung. The body compensate for the condition by increasing respiratory rate and tidal volume, thereby worsening the problem. This medical condition is caused due to a steadily worsening oxygen shortage along with low blood pressure (Subotic and Van Schil 2011). The condition may also lead to death by hypoxia and respiratory arrest, if not managed properly. However, in very rare cases, both of the lungs get affected by a pneumothorax, the condition known as atelectasis or collapsed lung. The primary pneumothorax is the condition occurring without apparent cause, in the absence of significant lung disease, whereas the secondary pneumothorax is referred to the condition when the other lung diseases are already present. The damage to chest wall can arise as a result of injury to chest wall like stab or bullet wounds. In secondary spontaneous pneumothoraces, a diverse range of disease process can lead to vulnerabilities in the lung tissue by rupturing of bullae in cases of severe emphysema (Zarogoulidis et al. 2014). The areas, where the necrosis occurs may facilitate pneumothorax. From many years it has been thought that small air filed lesions under pleural surface, which are known as blebs, are contributing in increasing the risk of pneumothorax. Pharmacology of pneumothorax Immediate needle decompression can be done for tension pneumothoraces. Continuous monitoring with regular X-ray for primary spontaneous pneumothoraces can also be a significant treatment. However, underwater seal drainage has a high potential to resolve the progression towards secondary spontaneous pneumothorax development (Nelson et al. 2013). UWSD and effects An underwater seal and chest tube, which is also known as chest drain, thoracic catheter, intercostals drain or thoracostomy, is a hollow, fexible and long tube, which is inserted through the chest wall within ribs and into the pleural space or mediastinum. This process is used for removing air, in case of pneumothorax from the intrathoracic space. It is a canister device, used for collecting chest drainage (Roberts et al. 2015). This drainage canister uses three chambers, based on three bottle system. The first chamber collects the fluid from chest. The second chamber plays the role of a water seal, acting as one way valve that allows the gases to excape, instead of allowing gases to re-enter chest. The third chamber is the suction control chamber. The water height in the chamber controls the negative pressure on the system. Chest drains usually remains in as long as the air remains in the pleural space. Leigh Richard will undergo a regular chest X-ray to monitor the progress in recovery of the heath issue. There may be complications, associated with chest drainage; minor problems include bruising, anxiety, breathing shortness and cough. However, major complications like bleeding, infection, re-expansion pulmonary edema, injury to liver, spleen or diaphragm may happen, though the frequency is low. Inappropriatee management can also cause thoracic aorta and heart injury. Chest tube clogging is the most common complication, caused by thrombus formation within the chest tube (Brown et al. 2014). The process can be used for other conditions like pleural effusion, referred to the condition related to accumulation of fluid in pleural space. The process is crucial for cease the development of tension pneumothorax, as tension pneumothorax is the condition, which is the result of progressive increase in intrapleu ral pressure to such levels that become positive all through the respiratory cycle and collapses the lung, shifts the mediastinum as well as impairs venous return to the heart. Therefore, untreated primary pneumothorax can lead to tension pneumothorax (Puri and Dingemann 2011). This condition, if treated with UWSD, can restore the previous normal lung structure and reduce the chance of systematic hypotension, respiratory and cardiac arrest. Effect on respiratory and cardiac system In case of tension pneumothorax, as the pressure of gas increases within the pleural space, the ipsilateral lung collapses, leading to hypoxia. Untreated condition leads to the shift of mediastinum towards the contralateral side and impinges on and compresses both the contralateral lung and impairs the venous return towards the right atrium. The effect is hypoxia, indicating that there is shortage of airflow through airtubes, leading to deceased venous return due to compression of the relatively thin walls of the atria, impairing the cardiac function (Subotic and Van Schil 2011). The condition is followed by kinking of the inferior vena cava, which has been demonstrated as the initial step in blood flow restriction towards heart. This kinds of situation has been identified in many in trauma patients, who are hypovolemic with reduced venous blood returning to the heart. Therefore, the above consequences of tension pneumothorax demonstrated that the condition, if left untreated, can ra pidly progress towards respiratory insufficiency, cardiac arrest or cardiovascular collapse, which in turn leads to death. Therefore, the above discussion regarding the effect of pneumthorax on both respiratory and cardiovascular system would be helpful for Leigh Richards daughter to understand from the nursing perspectives. Signs/Symptoms The symptoms are dependent upon the size of pneumothorax. In the mild cases, the symptoms are not properly felt or understood. However, in severe cases rapid symptoms may generate, leading to shock. Symptoms of pneumothorax usually include sudden onset of one sided, sharp chest pain along with breathing shortness. Shortness of breath or dyspnea may be mild or severe, severity of which depends upon how much the lung is collapsed. These sudden symptoms can be worsened with changes in altitudes like flying high in airplane or going underwater or underground (Volpicelli 2011). Breathing shortness or hypoxia is the manifestation of low airflow through the air tube, which is the result of respiratory arrest, whereas hypotension is the manifestation of cardiac insufficiency of proper blood flow through the blood vessels. The physical findings consist of absent tactile fremitus, hyperresonance to percussion along with decreased breath sounds on the affected side. Hypotension can also be a si gn, if the pneumothorax is large and the affected side is enlarged, which causes the shift of trachea to the opposite side. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that pneumothorax is a significant respiratory disorder, which should be diagnosed as soon as the patient experiences visible signs and symptoms. It is because, the issue can rapidly progress towards the worsening of the condition, which may be non-curable and may led to fatal consequences. In this essay, Leigh Richards case study was focused, where his daughter, the second year nursing student attempts to understand the consequences of the condition and role of UWSD. The essay demonstrated the signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, pharmacology of UWSD as well the effects of the issue on both respiratory and cardiovascular system. Reference List Brown, S.G.A., Ball, E.L., Macdonald, S.P.J., Wright, C. and McD Taylor, D., 2014. Spontaneous pneumothorax; a multicentre retrospective analysis of emergency treatment, complications and outcomes.Internal medicine journal,44(5), pp.450-457. Grundy, S., Bentley, A. and Tschopp, J.M., 2012. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a diffuse disease of the pleura.Respiration,83(3), pp.185-189. Nelson, D., Porta, C., Satterly, S., Blair, K., Johnson, E., Inaba, K. and Martin, M., 2013. Physiology and cardiovascular effect of severe tension pneumothorax in a porcine model.journal of surgical research,184(1), pp.450-457. Puri, P. and Dingemann, J., 2011. Pulmonary air leaks.Newborn Surgery 3E, p.333. Roberts, D.J., Leigh-Smith, S., Faris, P.D., Blackmore, C., Ball, C.G., Robertson, H.L., Dixon, E., James, M.T., Kirkpatrick, A.W., Kortbeek, J.B. and Stelfox, H.T., 2015. Clinical presentation of patients with tension pneumothorax: a systematic review.Annals of surgery,261(6), pp.1068-1078. Subotic, D. and Van Schil, P., 2011. Spontaneous pneumothorax: remaining controversies.Minerva chirurgica,66(4), pp.347-360. Volpicelli, G., 2011. Sonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax.Intensive care medicine,37(2), pp.224-232. Zarogoulidis, P., Kioumis, I., Pitsiou, G., Porpodis, K., Lampaki, S., Papaiwannou, A., Katsikogiannis, N., Zaric, B., Branislav, P., Secen, N. and Dryllis, G., 2014. Pneumothorax: from definition to diagnosis and treatment.Journal of thoracic disease,6(4), pp.S372-S376.

Monet Vs. Van Gough Essay Example

Monet Vs. Van Gough Essay Between 1858 and 1882 Monet painted 49 still lifes, and 21of them were of flowers. In his Chrysanthemums, the subject combined his interest in gardening and painting.A relation that was displayed even more after he moved to Giverny in 1883. Like his Bouquet of Sunflowers of 1881, this still life was probably painted when bad weather had driven the artist indoors. This still life display colors, rhythm, surface and touch to the fullest extent. In Van Goughs Oleanders, he believed that these flowers were joyous, and that they bloomed riotously were continually renewing themselves. In the painting the flowers are placed in a jug, which is symbolically adjacent to a book titled, La Joie de Vivre by Emile Zols. The flowers seem to be leaning towards the book, like how they would lean towards sunlight. Although they are opposites being Monet more classic and Van Gough, I like to call him, stylish, they both did their painting beautifully, the way the subject is brought to life with color . But what I truly loved was their totally different style and painting techniques. Monets style of painting where the subject appears to be blurry and being able to notice his delicate brush strokes in the petals of the flowers, along with his choice of colors give the painting a classic feel to it.You can see somewhat of a reflection of the vase and flowers on the table; again Monet uses his blurry technique. The light blue background gives it a calming, peaceful effect.

Experiment in Artificial Selection essays

Experiment in Artificial Selection essays In my study, I wanted to see if I could breed a trait (Longer petial stem length) in Brassaca rapa by following an artificial selection design. The study was also used in order to monitor the mechanisms of evolution. To do this, I wanted to see if cross pollinating plants with the trait I was looking for would show the selected trait I was looking for in the offspring. My experimental design was to record the data for the parent generation and then to cross-pollinate the ten plants with the longest petial stem length. Once the seeds were ripe, I planted on hundred seeds, even though many more were produced by the plants. After recording the data for the F1 generation (Selected Offspring) I compared the data with that of the parent generation (The first plants). The results were quite amazing. The data concluded that the F1 generation did in fact have longer petial stems compared to the parent generation. The experiment was a success. Before even beginning the experiment I knew very little if nothing at all about Brassica rapa, let alone that it even existed. I had, at the recommendation of the Teachers Assistant (Kelly Garron), done a little research on the Wisconsin Fast Plant by doing a short internet search which revealed some information. After learning a little background information on my test subject, I proceeded with the Experiment Brassaca rapa, other wise known as Wisconsin Fast Plants, has green foliage with the upper leaves partially clasping the stem. The stems are well branched, although the degree of branching depends on environmental conditions. The flowers are pale yellow, densely clustered at the top with open flowers at or above the level of terminal buds, and open upwards. B. rapa ¡Ã‚ ¯s pollination mechanics allow for self pollination (Asexual reproduction) as well as pollination from other B.rapa ¡Ã‚ ¯s. In the case of outside pollination, pollinating insects, in particular honey bees and bumble bees, are belie...

A Guide to Hyphens and Dashes

A Guide to Hyphens and Dashes A Guide to Hyphens and Dashes A Guide to Hyphens and Dashes By Mark Nichol This post details the purposes of various horizontally aligned typographical symbols. Hyphen Hyphens perform various functions, including the following: They link standing compound words (mind-set, self-respect). They are used with some prefixes (anti-inflammatory). They represent expression in isolation of a prefix or a word element (pre-, -er). They link spelled out numerical terms representing different place values (twenty-four). They link words in phrasal adjectives preceding but not following a noun (â€Å"short-term investment,† â€Å"off-the-cuff remark†) and when combining similar-looking constructions that begin with comparative adverbs such as better, much, and well (â€Å"best-kept secret†) Some style guides (but not this site) recommend that phrasal adjectives be hyphenated regardless of their position, and a few such expressions (such as far-reaching) are always hyphenated regardless of position or style authority. Also, a letter space should never intervene when a hyphen connects two words or numbers, except when suspending the first use of a word common to two or more phrasal adjectives (â€Å"fifteen- and thirty-day increments†). Hyphens are often introduced when new compounds are created, including in technological vocabulary, but such terms usually become closed compounds (though there are exceptions, such as mind-set, mentioned above, and light-year). Some terms that include letters linked to nouns retain hyphenation (A-list, T-bone, X-axis). Omission of a hyphen in email is trending, but similar terms such as e-commerce resist this evolution. Em Dash The dash, technically known as an em dash (to distinguish it from the en dash, described below), is used to indicate parenthesis when more emphasis is intended than indicated by a comma or a pair of parentheses. One dash is employed to when the wording expresses an attempt to get attention (â€Å"Look- a squirrel!†) or to indicate a sudden break in syntax and the parenthesis ends a sentence (â€Å"What I meant to say is- hey, are you paying attention?†) Similarly, it can replace a colon (â€Å"You have three options- fight, flight, or surrender†). Two dashes are employed when the parenthesis occurs mid-sentence (â€Å"The original version of the document- the one I hold here- is worded differently†). The dash is also employed to set off the identification of the source of an epigraph (â€Å"‘The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.’ - Franklin D. Roosevelt†). Also, one or more dashes may indicate redaction of all or part of a word or name in order to avoid identification or euphemize profanity (â€Å"The target was identified as - - - †; â€Å"Ms. A- - is not unacquainted with scandal†; â€Å"Well, I’ll be d- - ed!†). Dashes are usually closed- that is, they are set with no preceding or following letter spaces- but some publishers prefer to format them open. Some, too, out of ignorance or apathy or for the sake of simplicity (as in the case of some newspapers), use a single or double hyphen in place of an em dash- or, because they prefer its size, employ an en dash. (This is a valid design decision, but use of a single or double hyphen appears amateurish and should be avoided.) En Dash The en dash, always so called to distinguish it from the default em dash, which is often referred to simply as a dash, has two functions: representing a range of numbers or a time span (â€Å"Read pages 15–37†; â€Å"John Smith [1936–2012] is not listed†; â€Å"These figures represent revenues during the first quarter [January–March]†) as a substitute for through serving as a substitute for a hyphen in a compound term (â€Å"Pre–Civil War conditions sometimes prevailed†; â€Å"The United States–Mexico border is nearly two thousand miles long.† (These distinctions are, again, sometimes ignored.) The en dash is employed for the latter use because â€Å"pre-Civil War conditions† implies â€Å"before the Civil† rather than â€Å"before the Civil War† and â€Å"the United States-Mexico border† appears to refer to a united border between States and Mexico rather than one between the United States and Mexico. Plus Sign A plus sign (+) is employed in mathematics and other disciplines to indicate addition or positive numbers, and in lay usage it may modify a letter grade or qualify a blood type. It is sometime used informally to indicate a value greater than the stated one, as in â€Å"I would say 50+ people attended.† (Formally, â€Å"I would say more than fifty people attended† is better, and a direct quote would be better represented as â€Å"I would say fifty-plus people attended.†) Minus Sign A minus sign (–) is a distinct symbol used in digital displays of mathematics and other disciplines to signal subtraction or negative numbers; like the plus sign, it may be used in designations of letter grades and blood types. However, a minus sign is often represented by a hyphen or an en dash in print or online. Multiplication Sign A multiplication sign (Ãâ€") is used almost exclusively in mathematics and in isolated functions in notations in biology and history. In lay usage, the letter x generally takes its place. Division Sign The division sign, officially called an obelus, was replaced by the dagger mark († ) as a reference sign and now pertains exclusively to division in mathematics. Equal Sign An equal sign (=) represents equivalence and is occasionally used in informal writing in place of equals. Tilde A tilde (~) usually functions to denote a variation in pronunciation of certain letters in various languages, but it also serves in informal writing to signal approximation, as in â€Å"We continued along for ~20 miles.† Underscore The underscore (_), employed on typewriters to create underlines, survives now mainly as a symbol in email addresses, URLs, and computer code. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" Proved vs. ProvenWoof or Weft?

What were the legal and ethical ramifications of the mid 1980's Research Paper

What were the legal and ethical ramifications of the mid 1980's insider trading scandal - Research Paper Example The stock trading of an organization as well as other securities, which include bonds or stock options, by people who have significant inside information about a company is called the insider trading. It is considered to be legal by most countries, but only in the case that it does not harm the company and its profit making in any way. The insider traders are mostly the officers, key employees, directors and other shareholders who may gain such authentic information. But this very term, insider trading, also have negative connotations. In the United States, it is incumbent upon the inside traders to publicly declare their trade transactions to the regulatory authority within the given time of business days. However, when the same thing is done based on material nonpublic information while an insider is carrying a duty, it becomes a fraud and a breach of trust. This illegal insider trading, which as a result raises the cost of capital for security issuers lead to a large decline in ec onomic growth. There are ethics officers, who are commonly known as business conduct officers, hired by organizations to protect their interests (Geisst, 2006). â€Å"Wall Street insider trading scandal 1980†: This practice has started since the mid-1980s due to constant series of financial frauds, corruption and many abuse scandals which surrounded the US defense industry. To protect and promote the ethical business practices the Defense Industry Initiative (DII) was formed, which set an initial standard for ethics management in companies. One such famous case of an insider trading scandal is that of â€Å"the Wall Street insider trading scandal of the mid-1980s†. Its primary player was Dennis Levine who was a managing director at Drexel Burnham Lambert (Newsweek, 1986). The initial charge was filed by the US Attorney Rudy Giuliani which finally led the investigators to arrest Ivan Boesky. Levine built a whole network of professionals in many Wall Street firms who wer e engaged in insider trading. He maintained an account with a fake name in the Swiss banks subsidiaries in Bahamas because it has some of the hardest bank secrecy laws as compared to anywhere in the world. He did this to be safe from detection. He then had to shift his business in May 1980 to â€Å"Bank Leu† which earned him around $10.6 million (Stewart, 1991). But at Bank Leu, the officials there realized Levine’s insider trading activities and banked on him themselves. But they did this collaborative action through Merrill Lynch, which detected a suspicion about trading activities in two other brokers’ personal accounts in May 1985. This started an internal investigation which reached Bank Leu, where due to the bank’s secrecy they had to forward the matter to the SEC â€Å"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission†. It was decided by the bank officials that Levine should give his reasons for such an insider trading, but due to their destroying mos t of the sensitive documents relevant to Levine’s activity, they were charged with obstruction of justice (Dentzer, 1986). The Bank Leu officials decided to cooperate with the SEC because they noticed a huge gap between the actual managed accounts’ statements and the omnibus records. The stock trading was taken to be distinct from normal banking transactions and hence the bank named Levine guilty as the allegations were proved against him, thus his fraudulent activities led to his arrest. There was a tremendous amount of evidence against Levine related to securities fraud, obstructing justice, tax evasion and a charge of perjury as well. Levine decided to coordinate with the government in order to disclose the names of others who were involved alongside him (Levine and Hofer, 1991). This coordination with the government helped him to have a reduced sentence of two years in prison with a $362,000 fine (Time Magazine, 1987). He also agreed to pay the penalty for these il legal profits as well and also approved of